Background: As one of the majorcomplications of diabetes, diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a leadingcause of visual impairment and blindness due to delayed diagnosisand intervention. Microaneurysms appear as the earliest symptom ofDR. Accurate and reliable detection of microaneurysms in colorfundus images has great importance for DR screening.Methods: A microaneurysms' detection methodusing machine learning based on directional local contrast (DLC) isproposed for the early diagnosis of DR. First, blood vessels wereenhanced and segmented using improved enhancement function based onanalyzing eigenvalues of Hessian matrix. Next, with blood vesselsexcluded, microaneurysm candidate regions were obtained using shapecharacteristics and connected components analysis. After imagesegmented to patches, the features of each microaneurysm candidatepatch were extracted, and each candidate patch was classified intomicroaneurysm or non-microaneurysm. The main contributions of ourstudy are (1) making use of directional local contrast inmicroaneurysms' detection for the first time, which does make sensefor better microaneurysms' classification.(2) Applying threedifferent machine learning techniques for classification andcomparing their performance for microaneurysms' detection. Theproposed algorithm was trained and tested on e-ophtha MA database,and further tested on another independent DIARETDB1 database.Results of microaneurysms' detection on the two databases wereevaluated on lesion level and compared with existing algorithms.
Results:The proposed method has achieved better performance compared with existing algorithms on accuracy and computation time. On e-ophtha MA and DIARETDB1 databases, the area under curve (AUC) of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was 0.87 and 0.86, respectively. The free-response ROC (FROC) score on the two databases was 0.374 and 0.210, respectively. The computation time per image with resolution of 2544×1969, 1400×960 and 1500×1152 is 29 s, 3 s and 2.6 s, respectively.
Conclusions:The proposed methodusing machine learning based on directional local contrast of imagepatches can effectively detect microaneurysms in color fundus imagesand provide an effective scientific basis for early clinical DRdiagnosis.