Diagnosing and monitoring the characteristics of Acanthamoeba keratitis using slit scanning and laser scanning in vivo confocal microscopy

Abstract

IntroductionAcanthamoeba keratitis (AK) is a serious and potentially blinding ocular infection caused by the free‐living amoeba, Acanthamoeba. In vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM) is a non‐invasive device which has been proven of great use to diagnose Acanthamoeba infections immediately. The aim of this review was to establish different patterns and signs of AK that appear on the IVCM both before and after treatment.MethodsA systematic review of the literature from 1974 until September 2021 was performed using Embase and PubMed, following The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines.ResultsTwenty different signs of AK were observed using IVCM. The included studies used vastly different criteria to diagnose infections, ranging from just 1 to 13 of the signs, demonstrating the current lack of a standardised diagnosis of this infection using the IVCM. The appearance of double wall cysts, trophozoites, signet rings, target signs and clusters were shown to be pathognomonic to AK infections. Bright spots located in the corneal epithelium were demonstrated as non‐reliable predictors of AK. The presence of cysts in clusters and single file can predict the need for corneal transplantation. The morphological changes in cysts using the IVCM following treatment were described as breaking down to hollow forms and occasionally surrounded by black cavities. Using this information, a visual guideline for identifying AK signs in diagnosis and follow‐up using IVCM was created.ConclusionIncreased awareness of the different signs and patterns of AK that appear on the IVCM is crucial in order to correctly identify an infection and increase the potential of this device. Our guidelines presented here can be used, but further studies are needed in order to determine the relationship and aetiology of these signs and cellular changes on the IVCM both before and after anti‐amoeba treatment.

Artificial-Intelligence-Enhanced Analysis of In Vivo Confocal Microscopy in Corneal Diseases: A Review

“…They can be found in many water sources, both potable and nonpotable. The majority of cases are connected with the use of contact lenses [53,54]. In IVCM images, they are usually found as highly reflective oval cysts surrounded by a low-refractile wall that has a clear boundary and a dark ring outside [55].…”