Diagnosing developmental prosopagnosia: repeat assessment using the Cambridge Face Memory Test

Murray, Ebony; Bate, Sarah

doi:10.1098/rsos.200884

Cited by 44 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 91 publications

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“…The long form of the CFMT includes additional 30 trials with an even higher level of difficulty in which novel images varying in pose, emotional expression, and the amount of information available are presented. This latter part is typically used to identify super-recognizers (individuals with an extraordinarily high face recognition memory) 23 , while the first two phases are more sensitive to detecting basic performance and potential deficits within face perception abilities 25 , 26 . For the current study, we limited most analyses to the standard form of the CFMT (level 1–3), but also include an analysis of the entire CFMT test divided into different levels of difficulty.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The COVID-19 pandemic masks the way people perceive faces

Freud

Stajduhar

Rosenbaum

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

155

171

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The unprecedented efforts to minimize the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic introduce a new arena for human face recognition in which faces are partially occluded with masks. Here, we tested the extent to which face masks change the way faces are perceived. To this end, we evaluated face processing abilities for masked and unmasked faces in a large online sample of adult observers (n = 496) using an adapted version of the Cambridge Face Memory Test, a validated measure of face perception abilities in humans. As expected, a substantial decrease in performance was found for masked faces. Importantly, the inclusion of masks also led to a qualitative change in the way masked faces are perceived. In particular, holistic processing, the hallmark of face perception, was disrupted for faces with masks, as suggested by a reduced inversion effect. Similar changes were found whether masks were included during the study or the test phases of the experiment. Together, we provide novel evidence for quantitative and qualitative alterations in the processing of masked faces that could have significant effects on daily activities and social interactions.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The COVID-19 pandemic masks the way people perceive faces

Freud

Stajduhar

Rosenbaum

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

155

171

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The long form of the CFMT includes an additional 30 trials with an even higher level of difficulty in which novel images varying in pose, emotional expression, and the amount of information available are presented. This latter part is typically used to identify super-recognizers (individuals with an extraordinarily high face recognition memory) 38 , while the first three phases are more sensitive to detecting basic performance and potential deficits within face perception abilities 52,53 . For the current study, we limited the analyses to the standard form of the CFMT (level 1-3).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recognition of masked faces in the era of the pandemic: No improvement, despite extensive, natural exposure

Freud¹,

Stajduhar²,

Rosenbaum³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Face masks became prevalent across the globe to minimize the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. Previous research highlighted their negative qualitative and quantitative impact on face recognition. An outstanding question is whether these effects would attenuate following persistent natural exposure to masked faces in the era of the pandemic. This question also pertains, more generally, to potential effects of training on face recognition in natural settings. 1,236 participants were tested on masked, non-masked, upright and inverted versions of the Cambridge Face Memory Test (CFMT) at different time points over one year. The results showed persistent deficits in recognizing masked faces across time points. This was followed by persistent qualitative change, a reduced inversion effect for masked compared to non-masked faces. Together, these findings provide compelling support for the idea that the mature face processing system in humans is rigid in nature, even following prolonged, real-life exposure to altered faces.

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“…The second study used an Australian version of the CFMT (a different stimulus set to the original version of the test) and found a correlation of .92 with a 24-hour delay between test sessions (McKone et al, 2011). Finally, a recently published paper found a test-retest reliability of .68 in a group of 70 developmental prosopagnosics tested in the laboratory and online (Murray & Bate, 2020).…”

Section: Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

The Oxford Face Matching Test: A Non-Biased Test of The Full Range of Individual Differences in Face Perception

Stantić¹,

Brewer²,

Duchaine³

et al. 2021

Preprint

Self Cite

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Tests of face processing are typically designed to identify individuals performing outside of the typical range; either prosopagnosic individuals who exhibit poor face processing ability, or super recognisers, who have superior face processing abilities. Here we describe the development of the Oxford Face Matching Test (OFMT), designed to identify individual differences in face processing across the full range of performance, from prosopagnosia, through the range of typical performance, to super recognisers. Such a test requires items of varying difficulty, but establishing difficulty is problematic when particular populations (e.g. prosopagnosics, individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder) may use atypical strategies to process faces. If item difficulty is calibrated on neurotypical individuals, then the test may be poorly calibrated for atypical groups, and vice versa. To obtain items of varying difficulty we used facial recognition algorithms to obtain face pair similarity ratings that are not biased towards specific populations. These face pairs were used as stimuli in the OFMT, and participants required to judge if the face images depicted the same individual or different individuals. Across five studies the OFMT was shown to be sensitive to individual differences in the typical population, and in groups of both prosopagnosic individuals and super recognisers. The test-retest reliability of the task was at least equivalent to the Cambridge Face Memory Test and the Glasgow Face Matching Test. Furthermore, results reveal, at least at the group level, that both face perception and face memory are poor in those with prosopagnosia, and good in super recognisers.

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Diagnosing developmental prosopagnosia: repeat assessment using the Cambridge Face Memory Test

Cited by 44 publications

References 91 publications

The COVID-19 pandemic masks the way people perceive faces

The COVID-19 pandemic masks the way people perceive faces

Recognition of masked faces in the era of the pandemic: No improvement, despite extensive, natural exposure

The Oxford Face Matching Test: A Non-Biased Test of The Full Range of Individual Differences in Face Perception

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