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Under‐ as well as overfertilization with nitrogen (N) will result in economic loss for the farmer due to reduced yields and quality of the products. Also from an ecological perspective, it is important that the grower makes the correct decision on how much and when to apply N for a certain crop to minimize impacts on the environment. To aggravate the situation, N is a substance that is present in many compartments in different forms (nitrate, ammonium, organic N, etc.) in the soil‐plant environment and takes part in various processes (e.g., mineralization, immobilization, leaching, denitrification, etc.). Today, many N‐recommendation systems are mainly based on yield expectation. However, yields are not stable from year to year for a given field. Also the processes that determine the N supply from other sources than fertilizer are not predictable at the start of the growing season. Different methodological approaches are reviewed that have been introduced to improve N‐fertilizer recommendations for arable crops. Many soil‐based methods have been developed to measure soil mineral N (SMN) that is available for plants at a given sampling date. Soil sampling at the start of the growing period and analyzing for the amount of NO$ _3^- $‐N (and NH$ _4^+ $‐N) is a widespread approach in Europe and North America. Based on data from field calibrations, the SMN pool is filled up with fertilizer N to a recommended amount. Depending on pre‐crop, use of organic manure, or soil characteristics, the recommendation might be modified (±10–50 kg N ha–1). Another set of soil methods has been established to estimate the amount of N that is mineralized from soil organic matter, plant residues, and/or organic manure. From the huge range of methods proposed so far, simple mild extraction procedures have gained most interest, but introduction into practical recommendation schemes has been rather limited. Plant‐analytical procedures cover the whole range from quantitative laboratory analysis to semiquantitative “quick” tests carried out in the field. The main idea is that the plant itself is the best indicator for the N supply from any source within the growth period. In‐field methods like the nitrate plant sap/petiole test and chlorophyll measurements with hand‐held devices or via remote sensing are regarded as most promising, because with these methods an adequate adjustment of the N‐fertilizer application strategy within the season is feasible. Prerequisite is a fertilization strategy that is based on several N applications and not on a one‐go approach.
Under‐ as well as overfertilization with nitrogen (N) will result in economic loss for the farmer due to reduced yields and quality of the products. Also from an ecological perspective, it is important that the grower makes the correct decision on how much and when to apply N for a certain crop to minimize impacts on the environment. To aggravate the situation, N is a substance that is present in many compartments in different forms (nitrate, ammonium, organic N, etc.) in the soil‐plant environment and takes part in various processes (e.g., mineralization, immobilization, leaching, denitrification, etc.). Today, many N‐recommendation systems are mainly based on yield expectation. However, yields are not stable from year to year for a given field. Also the processes that determine the N supply from other sources than fertilizer are not predictable at the start of the growing season. Different methodological approaches are reviewed that have been introduced to improve N‐fertilizer recommendations for arable crops. Many soil‐based methods have been developed to measure soil mineral N (SMN) that is available for plants at a given sampling date. Soil sampling at the start of the growing period and analyzing for the amount of NO$ _3^- $‐N (and NH$ _4^+ $‐N) is a widespread approach in Europe and North America. Based on data from field calibrations, the SMN pool is filled up with fertilizer N to a recommended amount. Depending on pre‐crop, use of organic manure, or soil characteristics, the recommendation might be modified (±10–50 kg N ha–1). Another set of soil methods has been established to estimate the amount of N that is mineralized from soil organic matter, plant residues, and/or organic manure. From the huge range of methods proposed so far, simple mild extraction procedures have gained most interest, but introduction into practical recommendation schemes has been rather limited. Plant‐analytical procedures cover the whole range from quantitative laboratory analysis to semiquantitative “quick” tests carried out in the field. The main idea is that the plant itself is the best indicator for the N supply from any source within the growth period. In‐field methods like the nitrate plant sap/petiole test and chlorophyll measurements with hand‐held devices or via remote sensing are regarded as most promising, because with these methods an adequate adjustment of the N‐fertilizer application strategy within the season is feasible. Prerequisite is a fertilization strategy that is based on several N applications and not on a one‐go approach.
RESUMO.O objetivo deste trabalho foi selecionar índices para diagnóstico do estado de nitrogênio de batata-semente básica em vaso e determinar valor crítico de cada índice selecionado. Os índices, medidos na quarta folha (QF) e folha velha, aos 60 dias após o plantio, foram: intensidade do verde (determinado por tabela de cor e SPAD); área, comprimento, largura, número de folíolos, matéria fresca e seca; teor N-NO 3 na seiva do pecíolo e N na matéria seca. Foram realizados três experimentos em vaso, em casa de vegetação, Universidade Federal de Viçosa. Em cada experimento utilizou-se um material de propagação que foi tubérculo-semente, mini-tubérculo e broto e foram avaliadas seis doses de N (0; 25; 50; 100; 200 e 400 mg dm -3 ), sendo 10% de cada dose aplicada em pré-plantio e o restante via água de irrigação, diariamente por 30 dias. Cada experimento foi instalado no delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. A colheita dos tubérculos ocorreu quando a planta estava totalmente seca. O índice SPAD, teor nitrato na seiva e massa seca na QF correlacionaram significativamente com conteúdo de N na planta sendo o valor crítico variável com o material de propagação.Palavras-chave: Solanum tuberosum L., propagação, nível crítico.ABSTRACT. Selection of indexes for the diagnosis of nitrogen state of basic seed potato. The objective of this study was to select indexes for the diagnosis of nitrogen status of basic seed potato planted in pot and to determine the critical value of each index. The indexes, determined in the fourth leaf (QF) and old leaf, at 60 days after planting, were: green intensity (determined by color chart and SPAD), area, length, width, leaflet numbers, fresh and dry weight, N-NO 3 contents in the petiole sap and N in the dry matter. Three experiments were set in pot containing substrate in a greenhouse, at University Federal of Viçosa. In each experiment it was utilized one propagation material as tuber seed, minituber and sprout and were evaluated six nitrogen rates (0, 25, 50, 100, 200 and 400 mg dm -3 ), being 10% of each rate applied at pre-planting time and the remainder was daily applied via irrigation water for 30 days. Each experiment was set in randomized block design with four replications. The final tuber harvest occurred when the plant was completely senescent. SPAD index, N-NO 3 contents in the sap and dry matter in the QF significantly correlated with plant N contents and reached different critical values depending upon the propagating material.
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