Diagnosis and characterization of canine parvovirus-2 affecting canines of South Gujarat, India

Abstract

The present study was carried out in the region of South Gujarat, India, to determine the prevalence and predisposing factors of canine parvovirus-2 (CPV-2) infection in acute gastroenteritis of pups. Further, haemagglutination (HA) test, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and rapid immunochromatography test were compared for diagnosis and prevalent CPV-2 types were ascertained. A total of 73 diarrhoea samples were collected and out of those 32, 33 and 35 were found positive via HA, ELISA and PCR, respectively. In rapid test, 26/52 samples were found positive. Among different age-groups, 11/24 and 13/21 animals were positive in pups aged 4–8 and 8–12 weeks, respectively. All but one (34/35) positive samples were from unvaccinated animals. Labrador was found to be the most susceptible breed (n = 13) to infection. Considering PCR as the best test, 47.94% (35/73) prevalence of CPV was recorded. Among PCR positive samples, 3 and 32 belonged to type CPV-2a and CPV-2b, respectively. Type CPV-2c was not detected among the examined samples. Sequencing analysis of 9/10 CPV-2b isolates revealed single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) (A-G) at position 4106 (alanine to threonine) and suggested the occurrence of mutant, new CPV-2b in this area. As other major pathogen canine coronavirus was detected in 7/38 CPV negative samples. Conclusively, CPV-2 infection was detected in 47.97% cases of AGE of pups which warrants search for other pathogens in the diagnostic procedure. This work is among the few recent reports which depict the occurrence of a novel mutant (new CPV-2b) in India.

Prevalence and molecular characterization of canine parvovirus

“…The present study also reinforced the established fact that among pedigreed dogs, breeds such as Labrador retriever, German shepherd, and Pomeranian were most affected, while dogs below 3.5 months of age were at greater risk and males were having more percent positivity. With the sequence analysis of VP2 gene, the prevalence of CPV 2a has been commonly observed in many earlier studies [8,[11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18]. Similarly, a few studies have also indicated the presence of both CPV 2a and CPV 2b [8,11] in the samples from dogs.…”

Rapid Detection based Prevalence of Canine Corona Virus (CCoV) and Canine Parvo Virus (CPV) Infection in Diarrheic Dogs in South Gujarat

“…The lower CCoV prevalence in our study concludes that CCoV does not prevail as CPV is, in south Gujarat, as there is no past reports from this region on prevalence of CCoV, whereas CPV is endemic in south Gujarat as reported by Mehta et al (2017), Pandya et al (2017) and Sharma et al (2018). LFA test is rapid, quick, simple, usable and comparatively inexpensive at the field level, which make it the first choice of clinical support at the field and veterinary dispensaries for diagnosis.…”

“…2). Pandya et al (2017) reported 37.70 % prevalence of CPV, while Sharma et al (2018) reported 50 % prevalence of CPV by employing same LFA test. Agnihotri et al (2017) reported overall prevalence of 8 % and 50 % for CCoV and CPV, respectively, while Sakulwira et al (2003) reported 12.8 % and 62.8 % prevalence of CCoV and CPV-2 respectively by using molecular based detection technique.…”

“…Agnihotri et al (2017) reported overall prevalence of 8 % and 50 % for CCoV and CPV, respectively, while Sakulwira et al (2003) reported 12.8 % and 62.8 % prevalence of CCoV and CPV-2 respectively by using molecular based detection technique. The variation of percent positivity in different studies might be due to differences in sample size, assay technique adopted and host-pathogen interaction (Sharma et al, 2018). The age-wise prevalence of CCoV and CPV is presented in Table 1.…”

“…Dhruv Desai 1* , Irshadullahkhan Kalyani 1 , Dharmesh Patel 1 , Pushpa Makwana 1 , Jayesh Solanki 2 , Jignesh Vala 3 IntroductIon C anine coronavirus (CCoV), a single-stranded RNA virus, and Canine parvovirus (CPV), a single-stranded DNA virus, are the major pathogens among the causative agents of canine viral enteritis (CVE) and cause severe diarrhoea in pups (Decaro et al, 2007;Sharma et al, 2018). CCoV cause viral diarrhoea due to its invade and destruction of mature cells on intestinal villi, resulting in disruption of absorptive surface area and malabsorption.…”