Diagnosis and clinical manifestations of bacterial vaginosis

Eschenbach, David A.; Hillier, Sharon L.; Critchlow, Cathy W.; Stevens, Claire E.; DeRouen, Timothy A.; Holmes, King K.

doi:10.1016/0002-9378(88)90078-6

Cited by 498 publications

(308 citation statements)

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“…Although it has a sensitivity of 83-94% among the women who have clinical signs of bacterial vaginosis, [18][19][20] the usefulness of these cultures is doubtful. 17 G. vaginalis commonly occurs in the vaginas of women without bacterial vaginosis and bacterial vaginosis may be produced by microorganisms other than G. vaginalis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacterial vaginosis: comparison of Pap smear and microbiological test results

et al. 2004

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacterial vaginosis: comparison of Pap smear and microbiological test results

et al. 2004

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“…Many of the studies are small, and prevalence ranges are broad. 4,[60][61][62] Male sexual contacts of women with bacterial vaginosis have been shown to carry similar organisms. 11 Evidence against sexual transmission, however, includes similar rates (approximately 15%) of bacterial vaginosis in a population of prostitutes and a population of college students in Seattle.…”

Section: Bacterial Vaginosis Pathologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…71 Eschenbach found a higher rate of adnexal tenderness as well as a clinical diagnosis of PID in women with bacterial vaginosis than in those without bacterial vaginosis attending a sexually transmitted disease clinic. 4 The microorganisms of bacterial vaginosis are commonly isolated from the upper genital tract of patients with acute salpingitis, and bacterial vaginosis is a frequent concurrent diagnosis in patients with PID. 72 The association of bacterial vaginosis with PID is controversial, and other studies have disputed bacterial vaginosis as an etiology of PID.…”

Section: Bacterial Vaginosis Pathologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A pH less than 4.5, however, is not consistent with a clinical diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis. 2,4 Interclinician variability in making the diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis and the association with upper reproductive tract complications makes accurate diagnosis of this condition more vital. 2,5,57 This has spurred investigators to evaluate other methods of diagnosis for bacterial vaginosis.…”

Section: Diagnosismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1 Research in recent years has increased our understanding of the disease process and its potential sequelae and resulted in improved diagnostic and treatment modalities. [2][3][4][5][6] Nevertheless, adequate diagnosis and treatment of vaginitis in the office setting often is problematic for practitioners. 2,5,[7][8][9] Moreover, the availability of over-the-counter medications for fungal vaginitis has increased the likelihood that women will come to medical attention with partially or inadequately treated infections.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Evaluation and management of vaginitis

1998

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V aginitis is a common medical problem in women that is associated with substantial discomfort and frequent medical visits. Roughly 5 to 10 million office visits per year are attributed to vaginitis. 1 Research in recent years has increased our understanding of the disease process and its potential sequelae and resulted in improved diagnostic and treatment modalities. 2-6 Nevertheless, adequate diagnosis and treatment of vaginitis in the office setting often is problematic for practitioners. 2,5,7-9 Moreover, the availability of over-the-counter medications for fungal vaginitis has increased the likelihood that women will come to medical attention with partially or inadequately treated infections. 10 We will focus on the common infectious causes of vaginal discharge-yeast infection, bacterial vaginosis, and trichomonas infection, emphasizing new developments in diagnosis, associated complications, and treatment of these infections.The initial evaluation of vaginal discharge requires an understanding of physiologic vaginal discharge and what differentiates it from abnormal, pathologic discharge. Substances from the vulvar, sebaceous, sweat, Bartholin's and Skene's glands, as well as exfoliated cells, cervical mucus, and secretions of the endometrial cavity and fallopian tubes constitute the normal physiologic secretions of the vagina. These secretions pool in the posterior fornix and do not adhere to the vaginal walls. 11 The pH of normal vaginal secretions in women of childbearing age is between 3.8 and 4.5. The presence of sperm, blood, amniotic fluid, or cervical mucus raises the vaginal pH. 11 The amount and fluidity of the discharge can vary over the menstrual cycle. Cervical mucus becomes more fluid around ovulation, and women frequently mistake this change in consistency for an abnormal discharge. Stress increases the rate of vaginal desquamation and thus the amount of discharge, which patients can also mistake for a pathologic discharge. 12 Women generally do not have other symptoms if their discharge is physiologic.In contrast, a pathologic discharge adheres to the vaginal walls and is often accompanied by irritation, pruritus, odor, or urinary symptoms such as dysuria or frequency. 6 The discharge can be thick to watery and frothy, and white to yellow, gray, or green. 11 Causes of an abnormal discharge include infectious causes of vaginitis such as yeast infection, bacterial vaginosis, and trichomonas infection, as well as cervicitis and sexually transmitted diseases such as gonorrhea and chlamydia infection. Noninfectious etiologies include chemical irritants such

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Evaluation and Management of Vaginitis

McCue

1989

Arch Intern Med

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Diagnosis and clinical manifestations of bacterial vaginosis

Cited by 498 publications

References 21 publications

Bacterial vaginosis: comparison of Pap smear and microbiological test results

Bacterial vaginosis: comparison of Pap smear and microbiological test results

Evaluation and management of vaginitis

Evaluation and Management of Vaginitis

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