Diagnosis and investigation of fluorosis in livestock and horses

Livesey, C. T.; Payne, Jo

doi:10.1136/inp.d6078

Cited by 9 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…However, considering that the study was conducted only 1 mo after the eruption, not even mild chronic fluorosis could yet have been observed, as chronic fluorosis usually develops gradually and insidiously, and overt signs do not appear until some time after initial exposure. Severe dental fluorosis, as reported here, and skeletal fluorosis require longer-term exposure (Shupe et al, 1979;Livesey and Payne, 2011). Extensive studies among several wild and domestic ungulates showed that dental changes correlated with fluoride levels in vegetation and water (Shupe et al, 1984), which would predict that areas affected by PCCVE would also reveal elevated fluoride levels in the vegetationparticle complex.…”

Section: Studies On Fluorosis In Argentina Following the 2011 Eruptionmentioning

confidence: 50%

Severe Dental Fluorosis in Juvenile Deer Linked to a Recent Volcanic Eruption in Patagonia

Flueck

Smith-Flueck²

2013

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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ABSTRACT:The Puyehue-Cordon Caulle volcanic eruption deposited large amounts of tephra (ashes) on about 36 million ha of Argentina in June of 2011. Tephra was considered chemically innoxious based on water leachates, surface water fluoride levels were determined to be safe, and livestock losses were attributable to inanition and excessive tooth wear. To evaluate effects on wild ungulates, we sampled wild red deer (Cervus elaphus) at 100 km from the volcano in SeptemberNovember 2012. We show that tephra caused severe dental fluorosis, with bone fluoride levels up to 5,175 ppm. Among subadults, tephra caused pathologic development of newly emerging teeth typical of fluorosis, including enamel hypoplasia, breakages, pitting, mottling, and extremely rapid ablation of entire crowns down to underlying pulp cavities. The loss of teeth functionality affected physical condition, and none of the subadults was able to conceive. Susceptibility to fluorosis among these herbivores likely resides in ruminant food processing: 1) mastication and tephra size reduction, 2) thorough and repeated mixing with alkaline saliva, 3) water-soluble extraction in the rumen, and 4) extraction in the acidic abomasum. Although initial analyses of water and tephra were interpreted not to present a concern, ruminants as a major component of this ecosystem are shown to be highly susceptible to fluorosis, with average bone level increasing over 38-fold during the first 15.5 mo of exposure to tephra. This is the first report of fluorosis in wild ungulates from a volcanic eruption. The described impact will reverberate through several aspects of the ecology of the deer, including effects on population dynamics, morbidity, predation susceptibility, and other components of the ecosystem such as scavenger and plant communities. We anticipate further impact on livestock production systems, yet until now, existence of fluorosis had not been recognized.

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Section: Studies On Fluorosis In Argentina Following the 2011 Eruptionmentioning

confidence: 50%

Severe Dental Fluorosis in Juvenile Deer Linked to a Recent Volcanic Eruption in Patagonia

Flueck

Smith-Flueck²

2013

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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“…However, considering that the study by Rubin et al (1994) was conducted only 1 month after the eruption, not even mild chronic fluorosis could have been observed, as chronic fluorosis usually develops gradually and insidiously, and overt signs do not appear until some time after initial exposure. Severe dental fluorosis as documented for the PCCVE (Flueck and Smith-Flueck 2013a,b;Flueck 2013Flueck , 2014, and skeletal fluorosis require longer-term exposure (Shupe et al 1979;Livesey and Payne 2011). Thus, the absence of research subsequent to the conclusions by Rubin et al (1994) explains the absence of documented fluorotic cases from those tephra with documented high levels of F (GVP 1991).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of recent volcanic ash depositions on herbivores in Patagonia: a review

Flueck¹

2016

Rangel. J.

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Volcanic tephra (ejected solids) result in varied impacts on ecosystems and livestock production. The recent Puyehue (2011) and Calbuco (2015) eruptions deposited large amounts of tephra in Chile and Argentina, affecting both livestock and wildlife in several ways. Impacts from Puyehue tephra on livestock were attributed initially solely to inanition, rumen blockage, eye problems, increased mechanical tooth wear; water consumption was considered without risk for humans and animals; and toxic effects were discarded. Subsequently, wildlife exhibited pronounced clinical signs of fluorosis and bone level exceeding 10 000 ppm of fluoride by 2014. Livestock including horses, cattle and sheep also had high levels of bone fluorine and clinical fluorosis. Tephra from Calbuco and Puyehue now overlap, containing on average 548 and 352 ppm fluoride, respectively. Dryness and eolic redeposition of tephra particularly east of the continental divide continues to re-expose domestic and wild ruminants. However, fluorosis and other related impacts like hypothyroidism, anaemia, and eosinophilia in ruminants also impact wool production. Although fluoride was discarded by others as a cause for the observed reduction in wool production, the specific effect of fluorosis on reducing wool production is well recognised, and occurs in sheep with less bone fluoride than reported from the Puyehue event. The rapid accumulation of fluoride in herbivores exposed to tephra from Puyehue coincides with reports that upon exposure to fluoride, sheep bone levels increased from 160 to 2300 ppm in only 3 months. The susceptibility of ruminants to fluorosis resides in their food processing: (1) intensive mastication and tephra size reduction, (2) thorough mixing of tephra with alkaline saliva during repeated rumination cycles, (3) water-soluble extraction in the rumen, and (4) extraction in the acidic abomasum. Lastly, the fluorosis may be further exacerbated by regional iodine and selenium deficiencies. Iodine deficiency may increase the incidence of dental fluorosis and the severity of damage, whereas selenium deficiency causes secondary iodine deficiency.

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“…The GLP-2R is expressed on osteoclasts, and its activation is believed to reduce catabolic activity of these cells [86]. Therefore, GLP-2 therapy may be useful in livestock production to improve bone health and prevent conditions such as osteopenic disease in swine or fluorosis, which is most common among cattle, horses, and sheep in fluoride-contaminated environments [107] and increases the incidence of bone fractures in sheep [108]. Benefits of GLP-2 for these conditions include both improved calcium uptake through its effects on increasing calcium transporter expression in the intestinal tract and its direct effects on reducing bone resorption.…”

Section: Potential Uses Of Glp-2 and Stimulators Of Glp-2 Secretion Imentioning

confidence: 98%

Glucagon-like peptide 2 and its beneficial effects on gut function and health in production animals

Connor

Evock‐Clover

Wall³

et al. 2016

Domestic Animal Endocrinology

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Numerous endocrine cell subtypes exist within the intestinal mucosa and produce peptides contributing to the regulation of critical physiological processes including appetite, energy metabolism, gut function, and gut health. The mechanisms of action and the extent of the physiological effects of these enteric peptides are only beginning to be uncovered. One peptide in particular, glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2) produced by enteroendocrine L cells, has been fairly well characterized in rodent and swine models in terms of its ability to improve nutrient absorption and healing of the gut after injury. In fact, a long-acting form of GLP-2 recently has been approved for the management and treatment of human conditions like inflammatory bowel disease and short bowel syndrome. However, novel functions of GLP-2 within the gut continue to be demonstrated, including its beneficial effects on intestinal barrier function and reducing intestinal inflammation. As knowledge continues to grow about GLP-2's effects on the gut and its mechanisms of release, the potential to use GLP-2 to improve gut function and health of food animals becomes increasingly more apparent. Thus, the purpose of this review is to summarize: (1) the current understanding of GLP-2's functions and mechanisms of action within the gut; (2) novel applications of GLP-2 (or stimulators of its release) to improve general health and production performance of food animals; and (3) recent findings, using dairy calves as a model, that suggest the therapeutic potential of GLP-2 to reduce the pathogenesis of intestinal protozoan infections.

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Diagnosis and investigation of fluorosis in livestock and horses

Cited by 9 publications

References 11 publications

Severe Dental Fluorosis in Juvenile Deer Linked to a Recent Volcanic Eruption in Patagonia

Severe Dental Fluorosis in Juvenile Deer Linked to a Recent Volcanic Eruption in Patagonia

The impact of recent volcanic ash depositions on herbivores in Patagonia: a review

Glucagon-like peptide 2 and its beneficial effects on gut function and health in production animals

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