Diagnosis and Management of Anatomical Causes of Dysphagia: From Hypopharynx to Upper Esophagus

Abstract

Dysphagia is a clinical condition that disrupts the normal swallowing mechanism. This affliction can negatively affect an individual's quality of life as it impedes adequate eating, nutrition, and hydration. Oropharyngeal dysphagia is a highly prevalent condition and is usually caused by impairment of the complex and integrated pharyngeal and upper esophageal systems. There are several potential causes, including neurologic, myopathic, metabolic, inflammatory, autoimmune, infectious, structural, iatrogenic, and psychiatric diseases. The various anatomical problems in the oral cavity, pharynx, and esophagus can lead to oropharyngeal dysphagia. The hypopharynx is the subregion of the pharynx that prevents food from entering the larynx and transports it safely to the esophagus. The upper esophagus is an important anatomical region involved in swallowing, which allows foods and liquids to pass into the esophagus. Anatomical abnormalities of the hypopharynx and upper esophagus result in oropharyngeal dysphagia. In the current article, we discuss the various anatomical abnormalities of the hypopharynx and upper esophagus that lead to oropharyngeal dysphagia, while focusing on common anatomical problems.