Diagnosis and Management of Pediatric Nasal CSF Leaks and Encephaloceles

The Differential Diagnosis of Congenital Developmental Midline Nasal Masses: Histopathological, Clinical, and Radiological Aspects

“…EPHCs may manifest as a nasal mass, a widened nasal bridge, hypertelorism, telecanthus, epiphoria, a nasal obstruction, or feeding difficulties depending on the location [5,13,20,37,38]. The physical and endoscopic examination of the nose may reveal a septal deviation, a unilateral tumor typically located superiorly and laterally to the anterior margin of a middle turbinate (Figure 2), or a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) rhinorrhea [38].…”

“…There is a male predominance in incidence, but NGHs do no run in families [5]. Depending on the location, these lesions may be divided into extranasa (60%), intranasal (30%), or mixed (combined intra-and extranasal) forms (10%) [1,5,16,18 Although there is no patent intracranial connection, its remnant in the form of a fibrou stalk to the meninges is present in 15-20% of cases [8,9,20,42].…”

“…The majority of these developmental masses are located in the nasal region, extranasally or intranasally, or in its immediate proximity. Surgery is the only method of treatment in order to prevent local and intracranial inflammatory complications, as well as distant craniofacial deformities [20]. Due to their rarity, similar location, clinical symptoms, and potential sequelae, meticulous preoperative differential diagnostics is mandatory.…”