Diagnosis and Management of Subacute Ruminal Acidosis in Dairy Herds

Oetzel, Garrett R.

doi:10.1016/j.cvfa.2017.06.004

Cited by 43 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 84 publications

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“…Sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis were performed by MEGA6 (21) using a neighbor-joining method with a bootstrap value of 1,000. The evolutionary distances were computed using the maximum composite likelihood method (22) 4 , 0.9. The carbohydrate energy source in the medium was supplied by either glucose or soluble starch (S9765; Sigma) at 1, 3, or 9 g/liter in triplicate.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Our previous study with dairy cows demonstrated that under normal conditions, the population of S. bovis is small, resulting in an insignificant amount of lactate production that is quickly metabolized by lactate utilizers such as Selenomonas ruminantium and Megasphaera elsdenii (2,3). However, when a high-concentrate diet is provided, the growth rate of S. bovis increases (4). Once asynchronous fermentation occurs between lactate-producing and lactate-utilizing bacteria, lactate accumulates in the rumen, and the pH of the ruminal fluid drops rapidly (5,6).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Effects of Glucose and Starch on Lactate Production by Newly Isolated Streptococcus bovis S1 from Saanen Goats

Chen

Luo

Wang

et al. 2016

Appl Environ Microbiol

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When ruminants are fed high-concentrate diets, Streptococcus bovis proliferates rapidly and produces lactate, potentially causing rumen acidosis. Understanding the regulatory mechanisms of the metabolism of this species might help in developing dietary strategies to alleviate rumen acidosis. S. bovis strain S1 was newly isolated from the ruminal fluid of Saanen dairy goats and then used to examine the effects of glucose and starch on bacterial metabolism and gene regulation of the organic acid-producing pathway in cultures at a pH of 6.5. Glucose or starch was added to the culture medium at 1 g/liter, 3 g/liter (close to a normal range in the rumen fluid), or 9 g/liter (excessive level). Lactate was the dominant acid produced during the fermentation, and levels increased with the amount of glucose or starch in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.001). The production of formate and acetate in the fermentation media fluctuated slightly with the dose but accounted for small fractions of the total acids. The activities of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and ␣-amylase (␣-AMY) increased with the starch dose (P < 0.05), but the ␣-AMY activity did not change with the glucose dose. The relative expression levels of the genes ldh, pfl (encoding pyruvate formate lyase), ccpA (encoding catabolite control protein A), and ␣-amy were higher at a dose of 9 g/liter than at 1 g/liter (P < 0.05). Expression levels of pfl and ␣-amy genes were higher at 3 g/liter than at 1 g/liter (P < 0.05). The fructose 1,6-diphosphate (FDP) concentration tended to increase with the glucose and starch concentrations. In addition, the S. bovis S1 isolate fermented glucose much faster than starch. We conclude that the quantities of glucose and soluble starch had a major effect on lactate production due to the transcriptional regulation of metabolic genes. IMPORTANCEThis work used a newly isolated S. bovis strain S1 from the rumen fluid of Saanen goats and examined the effects of glucose and soluble starch on organic acid patterns, enzyme activity, and expression of genes for in vitro fermentation. It was found that lactate was the dominant product from S. bovis strain S1, and the quantities of both glucose and starch in the medium were highly correlated with lactate production and with the corresponding changes in associated enzymes and genes. Therefore, manipulating the metabolic pathway of S. bovis to alter the dietary level of readily fermentable sugar and carbohydrates may be a strategy to alleviate rumen acidosis. Streptococcus bovis is the most prominent bacterium in the rumen. Because S. bovis is lactate producing and acid tolerant, it plays an important role in rumen acidosis (1). Our previous study with dairy cows demonstrated that under normal conditions, the population of S. bovis is small, resulting in an insignificant amount of lactate production that is quickly metabolized by lactate utilizers such as Selenomonas ruminantium and Megasphaera elsdenii (2, 3). However, when a high-concentrate diet is provided, the growth rate of S. bovis i...

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Glucose and Starch on Lactate Production by Newly Isolated Streptococcus bovis S1 from Saanen Goats

Chen

Luo

Wang

et al. 2016

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…Development of SARA and its consequences for animal health and welfare as well as farm economy have been reviewed by many authors during the last decades (Garrett et al., ; Kleen et al., , ; Oetzel et al., ; Plaizier et al., , ). However, systematic reviews on the diagnosis of SARA and interpretation of the cow signals related to this disorder, especially from the practitioner's point of view, are rather scarce (Fürll, ; Oetzel, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The diagnosis of SARA is difficult under farm conditions as clinical signs are commonly subtle and delayed. The clinical findings that may direct the veterinarian's attention to the possible occurrence of SARA have recently been summarised by Oetzel () and include, for example, a poor body condition score, frequent cases of infections and a high incidence of lameness. However, standard diagnostic veterinary tests, including heart rate, rectal temperature, respiration rate, blood chemistry and haematology variables, are generally not or not specifically altered by SARA (Li et al., ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Signals for identifying cows at risk of subacute ruminal acidosis in dairy veterinary practice

Humer

Aschenbach

Neubauer

et al. 2017

Animal Physiology Nutrition

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SummaryControlling rumen disorders is critical to ensure successful dairy herd health management. Lactation diets of dairy cows are commonly rich in concentrates and low in physically effective fibre. Feeding of these diets increases the risk of rumen disorders with far-reaching consequences for cattle health, welfare and sustainability of dairy production. The term subacute ruminal acidosis or SARA is often used as a synonym for poor rumen health. Being subclinical, SARA lacks of clear symptoms and is therefore difficult to diagnose and to control in the practice. This review article summarises common and identifies new direct and indirect cow signals related to SARA. We have performed a scientific evaluation and interpretation of each of these cow signals by highlighting their advantages and disadvantages from the practitioner's point of view.The gold standard of SARA cow signals still remains direct measurement of ruminal pH. However, continuous pH monitoring is cost-intensive and often biased by sensor drift. Single-point ruminal pH measurements by oral stomach tubing or rumenocentesis have strong limitations. Therefore, there is a need for reliable and robust markers of SARA that are easily accessible and inexpensive. Such indirect parameters are the observation of chewing and feeding activities, as well as the monitoring of milk, faecal, urine and blood variables. Also, novel technologies that allow rapid and non-invasive measurement of the rumen mucosa thickness and ruminal motility patterns might provide advantages in SARA diagnosis. Due to several constraints of these indirect diagnostic tools, such as limited specificity and sensitivity, we strongly recommend using a combination of the signals to reliably identify cows at risk of SARA in a dairy herd. K E Y W O R D Sdairy cow, diagnosis, ruminal pH, subacute ruminal acidosis | INTRODUCTIONA common practice to meet the high nutritional requirements of dairy cows during early and mid-lactation is the inclusion of large quantities of concentrate in the diet. The inclusion of rapidly fermentable carbohydrates generates large amounts of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) within a short time after ingestion, which can cause a decline in ruminal pH when their production surpasses the absorptive, buffering and outflow capacity of the rumen (Aschenbach, Penner, Stumpff, & Gäbel, 2011). This increase in energy-dense feeds occurs at the expense of fibre-rich forages, impairing digesta stratification and providing fewer stimuli for chewing, thus lowering salivary buffer supply, motility of rumen walls and ruminal mixing (Allen, 1997;. This cascade of events can lead to long and frequent ruminal pH depression with negative effect on rumen health, a condition commonly termed subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) (Plaizier, Khafipour, | 381 HUMER Et al.Li, . Although there is not yet a consensus on the definition of SARA, it is generally agreed that SARA occurs when the ruminal pH is lower than 5.5-5.8 for several hours a day (Plaizier, Krause, Gozho, & McBride, 2008;Zebeli &...

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“…Excessive intake of rapidly fermentable carbohydrates is one of the causes of ruminal acidosis. Ruminal papillae increase in length when cattle are fed with higher grain diets; this presumably increases the surface area and absorptive capacity, which protects the animal from acid accumulation in the rumen (25).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of live yeast culture addition into sucrose supplemented diet on fattening performance, some blood and histological parameters in Saanen male kids fed without forage

Buğdayci¹,

Oğuz²,

Oğuz³

et al. 2016

Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi

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Summary:The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of live yeast culture (LYC) as a feed additive on fattening performance, and some blood and rumen fluid parameters in male goats fed with sucrose (SU) supplemented diet. Totally 18 male Saanen goat kids were divided into three groups, no SU and no LYC (C) as control group, 3% SU (S) and 3% SU with LYC (S+LYC) as the treatment groups, each containing 6 kids. Diets of groups were formulated as isonitrojenic and isocaloric. LYC (Rumisacc, 344x10 10 cfu per gram) was included in the diet at 2% on feed basis. Feeding schema was established with no roughage, diets were given ad libitum, and the kids in each group were fed individually. In the experiment, ruminal ammonia-N increased and ruminal pH decreased in sucrose supplemented diet consumed groups (p<0.05) regardless of the supplementation of live yeast culture. Dietary sucrose with live yeast culture supplementation did not significantly affect fattening performance and blood parameters, except hemoglobin. Dorsal and ventral rumen papillae lengths were not affected by dietary treatments. Keratin layer of sucrose supplemented group (S) was increased when compared with control group (p<0.05).Keywords: Blood parameters, fattening performance, kid, live yeast culture, rumen parameters. Kaba yemsiz beslenen erkek Saanen oğlaklarının sukroz ilave edilmiş yemine canlı maya kültürü ilavesinin besi performansı, bazı kan ve histolojik parametreler üzerine etkileriÖzet: Bu araştırmanın amacı sukroz (SU) ilavesi yapılan yemle beslenen keçilerde canlı maya kültürünün (LYC) besi performansı ile bazı kan ve rumen parametreleri üzerine etkisini incelemektir. Toplam 18 Saanen keçisi oğlağı; herbiri 6 oğlaktan oluşan SU ve LYC içermeyen kontrol grubu (C), %3 SU içeren grup (S) ve %3 SU ile LYC içeren grup (S+LYC) olmak üzere 3 gruba ayrılmıştır. Gruplara ait yemler isonitrojenik ve isokalorik olarak düzenlenmiştir. LYC (Rumisacc, 344x10 10 cfu/g) yeme %2 düzeyinde ilave edilmiştir. Yemleme planı kaba yem içermeyecek şekilde düzenlenmiş, yem ad libitum verilmiştir, her bir gruptaki oğlaklar bireysel olarak beslenmiştir. Araştırmada canlı maya kültürü ilavesine bakılmaksızın sükroz ilave edilen yemi tüketen gruplarda ruminal amonyak azotu artmış ve rumen pH'sı azalmıştır (p<0.05). Sükroz ile birlikte canlı maya kültürü ilavesi besi performansı ile hemoglobin dışında ki kan parametrelerini etkilememiştir. Rasyon uygulamaları dorsal ve ventral papilla uzunluklarını etkilememiştir. Sükroz ilave edilen grubun (S) keratin tabakası kontrol grubuna kıyasla artmıştır (p<0.05).Anahtar sözcükler: besi performansı, Canlı maya kültürü, kan parametreleri, oğlak, rumen parametreleri.

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Diagnosis and Management of Subacute Ruminal Acidosis in Dairy Herds

Cited by 43 publications

References 84 publications

Effects of Glucose and Starch on Lactate Production by Newly Isolated Streptococcus bovis S1 from Saanen Goats

Effects of Glucose and Starch on Lactate Production by Newly Isolated Streptococcus bovis S1 from Saanen Goats

Signals for identifying cows at risk of subacute ruminal acidosis in dairy veterinary practice

Effects of live yeast culture addition into sucrose supplemented diet on fattening performance, some blood and histological parameters in Saanen male kids fed without forage

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