Diagnosis and Treatment of Migraine

Migraine is a common, chronic, multi-factorial, neuro-vascular disorder typically characterised by recurrent attacks of unilateral, pulsating headache and autonomic nervous system dysfunction. Migraine may additionally be associated with aura; those focal neurological symptoms that may precede or sometimes accompany the headache. This review describes the optometric aspects of migraine headache. There have been claims of a relationship between migraine headaches and errors of refraction, binocular vision anomalies, pupil anomalies, visual field changes and pattern glare. The quality of the evidence for a relationship between errors of refraction and binocular vision and migraine is poor. The quality of the evidence to suggest a relationship between migraine headache and pupil anomalies, visual field defects and pattern glare is stronger. In particular the link between migraine headache and pattern glare is striking. The therapeutic use of precision-tinted spectacles to reduce pattern glare (visual stress) and to help some migraine sufferers is described.

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“…However, others have suggested that the classification is more useful for research than for clinical practice (Cady and Dodick, 2002).…”

Section: Migraine Classificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The optometric correlates of migraine

Harle

Evans

2004

Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic

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“…28 Adapted heuristics, often based on the principle of familiarity versus discrepancy, are widely used in primary care, 29 and there is support for the relevance of the familiarity heuristic in suspected secondary headache disorders. 30,31 Most GPs used a therapeutic trial in certain patients. A positive response was judged as an indicator for primary headache and reduced diagnostic uncertainty.…”

Section: Comparison With Existing Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

Diagnosing headache in primary care: a qualitative study of GPs’ approaches

et al. 2014

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“…During measurement, 150 μl of phosphate buffer at pH 6.8 was evenly spread onto the surface of the test membrane. The bioadhesive force, noticed as the detachment stress in g/cm 2 , was determined from the minimal weights that detached the tissues from the surface of each formulation using the following equation:…”

Section: Bioadhesion Strengthmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose is an odorless and tasteless, white to slightly off-white, fibrous or granular, free-flowing powder that is a synthetic modification of the natural polymer, cellulose. The reason for its widespread acceptance include (1) solubility characteristics of the polymer in gastrointestinal fluid, and in organic and aqueous solvent systems, (2) noninterference with tablet disintegration and drug availability, (3) flexibility, chip resistance and absence of taste and odor, (4) stability in the presence of heat, light, air or reasonable levels of moisture, (5) ability to incorporate color and other additives into the film without difficulty. Thin-film and disc-buccal drug delivery benefit a dissolving film or oral drug to be administered via absorption in the mouth (buccally or sublingually) and/or in small intestines (enterically).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Neurological aura symptoms are also observed in some patients. 1,2 Nonspecific treatments such as antiemetics are prescribed in treating any kind of pain, and specific therapies such as triptans are exclusively effective in treating migraine and related disorders. 3,4 Triptans are frequently prescribed in the treatment of acute migraine attacks as they are potent in providing wide efficacy and tolerability.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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