Diagnosis and treatment of multi-species fish mortality attributed to Enteromyxum leei while in quarantine at a US aquarium

Hyatt, Michael W.; Waltzek, Thomas B.; Kieran, Elizabeth A.; Frasca, Salvatore; Lovy, Jan

doi:10.3354/dao03303

Cited by 7 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…The extensive research conducted with replacement diets in the gilthead sea bream- E. leei model indicates that modulation of adaptive immune responses through diet is feasible, thus the use of functional feeds to control parasitic infections arises as an attractive alternative to palliate the losses in aquaculture. The use of medicated diets including anti-coccidial combinations such as amprolium, salinomycin and fumagillin were tested with different degrees of success against E. leei ( 81 , 226 ) and Myxobolus sp ( 227 ). in different fish species.…”

Section: Antiparasitic Strategies and Immunizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

To React or Not to React: The Dilemma of Fish Immune Systems Facing Myxozoan Infections

et al. 2021

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Myxozoans are microscopic, metazoan, obligate parasites, belonging to the phylum Cnidaria. In contrast to the free-living lifestyle of most members of this taxon, myxozoans have complex life cycles alternating between vertebrate and invertebrate hosts. Vertebrate hosts are primarily fish, although they are also reported from amphibians, reptiles, trematodes, mollusks, birds and mammals. Invertebrate hosts include annelids and bryozoans. Most myxozoans are not overtly pathogenic to fish hosts, but some are responsible for severe economic losses in fisheries and aquaculture. In both scenarios, the interaction between the parasite and the host immune system is key to explain such different outcomes of this relationship. Innate immune responses contribute to the resistance of certain fish strains and species, and the absence or low levels of some innate and regulatory factors explain the high pathogenicity of some infections. In many cases, immune evasion explains the absence of a host response and allows the parasite to proliferate covertly during the first stages of the infection. In some infections, the lack of an appropriate regulatory response results in an excessive inflammatory response, causing immunopathological consequences that are worse than inflicted by the parasite itself. This review will update the available information about the immune responses against Myxozoa, with special focus on T and B lymphocyte and immunoglobulin responses, how these immune effectors are modulated by different biotic and abiotic factors, and on the mechanisms of immune evasion targeting specific immune effectors. The current and future design of control strategies for myxozoan diseases is based on understanding this myxozoan-fish interaction, and immune-based strategies such as improvement of innate and specific factors through diets and additives, host genetic selection, passive immunization and vaccination, are starting to be considered.

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Section: Antiparasitic Strategies and Immunizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

To React or Not to React: The Dilemma of Fish Immune Systems Facing Myxozoan Infections

et al. 2021

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“…Fish emaciation (i.e., extreme weight loss and remarkable thinness due to a loss of subcutaneous fat and muscle throughout the body) is associated with many etiological agents and to a lesser extent to nutritional pathologies. Emaciation has mostly been documented from disease outbreaks in aquariums, ponds or cage‐cultured fishes, 1 with scant knowledge derived from wild cases. Diseases resulting in emaciation are typically caused by myxosporeans and occur in many cultured fish species 2,3 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multifactorial causes of an emaciated wild Lutjanus erythropterus in Oman

Morales-Ávila

Al-Jufaili

Al-Rahbi

et al. 2021

Vet Record Case Reports

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Postmortem examination of a wild Lutjanus erythropterus exhibiting emaciation associated with multifactorial causes is presented. Skeletal muscle analysis for heavy metals revealed presence of threefold cadmium concentration in comparison with the European standards. Multifocal necrosis and muscle atrophy (condition factor K = 0.92) were also noted. Other anomalies recorded included abdominal distension and bilateral sunken eyes. The liver showed scant vacuolation, melano‐macrophage centres and diffuse granulomatous lesions also occurring in the viscera and mesenteries. Intensity of infection varied from 2 to 9 parasites, while 16S rRNA sequences revealed the opportunistic pathogen Photobacterium damselae complex only in affected organs. This is the first record of non‐aetiologic and aetiologic factors occurring concurrently in a wild fish in Oman. Although no definitive conclusions can be drawn, these findings highlight the urgent need for further fish health assessment regarding these pathologies and other diseases that pose a health risk to other fish species.

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“…Some myxozoan infections are innocuous or have a little impact on their hosts. However, some species can cause important economic losses in fish farms and aquaculture Hyatt et al, 2018;Kristmundsson & Freeman, 2014;Quiroga et al, 2006). Myxozoans have multicellular spores, composed by polar capsules, valves, and sporoplasms that are the infective cells (Figure 4).…”

Section: General Aspectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Control of enteric parasitic diseases of farmed gilthead sea bream: New insights into Enteromyxum leei (Myxozoa) and Enterospora nucleophila (Microsporidia) infections

Sánchez¹,

Amparo²

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Diagnosis and treatment of multi-species fish mortality attributed to Enteromyxum leei while in quarantine at a US aquarium

Cited by 7 publications

References 40 publications

To React or Not to React: The Dilemma of Fish Immune Systems Facing Myxozoan Infections

To React or Not to React: The Dilemma of Fish Immune Systems Facing Myxozoan Infections

Multifactorial causes of an emaciated wild Lutjanus erythropterus in Oman

Control of enteric parasitic diseases of farmed gilthead sea bream: New insights into Enteromyxum leei (Myxozoa) and Enterospora nucleophila (Microsporidia) infections

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