2022
DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.882240
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Diagnosis, Management, and Treatment of Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis in Asia: Recommendations From the Management of Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis in Asia Expert Working Group

Abstract: Vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) is an underdiagnosed and underrecognized ocular surface disease with limited epidemiological data in Asia. It is more prevalent in warm, dry, and windy climates, and often has a substantial impact on a patient’s quality of life. In rare cases, VKC can be associated with vision loss, either through corticosteroid overuse or inadequate treatment of persistent inflammation. As a potentially severe and complex disease, there is variability with how VKC is managed across Asia and a… Show more

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Cited by 19 publications
(36 citation statements)
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“…Mast cell stabilizers work by inhibiting mast cell degranulation, which thereby prohibits the release of pro-inflammatory mediators [ 4 , 6 ]. Mast cell stabilizers have also been shown to act on additional cells involved in ocular allergy, including neutrophils, macrophages, eosinophils, and monocytes [ 112 ]. Antihistamines block histamine from interacting with their receptors on immune and non-immune cells [ 4 , 6 ].…”
Section: Management Of Vkcmentioning
confidence: 99%
See 1 more Smart Citation
“…Mast cell stabilizers work by inhibiting mast cell degranulation, which thereby prohibits the release of pro-inflammatory mediators [ 4 , 6 ]. Mast cell stabilizers have also been shown to act on additional cells involved in ocular allergy, including neutrophils, macrophages, eosinophils, and monocytes [ 112 ]. Antihistamines block histamine from interacting with their receptors on immune and non-immune cells [ 4 , 6 ].…”
Section: Management Of Vkcmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Dual-acting agents, which contain both mast cell stabilizers and antihistamines, offer the advantage of providing rapid symptomatic relief, coupled with long-term mast cell stabilization [ 4 , 6 , 110 ]. These agents are well tolerated, and dual-therapy agents are generally preferred over monotherapy with mast cell stabilizers or antihistamines alone [ 112 ]. Topical non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) work by inhibiting cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and COX-2 enzymes, which thereby prohibits the release of prostaglandin E2 and I2 [ 4 , 110 ].…”
Section: Management Of Vkcmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Diagnostic tools have been suggested [8]. More recently, a consensus on clear guidance for primary care physicians and general ophthalmologists involved in the diagnosis of VKC have been produced both in European Union and in Asia [9 ▪ ,10 ▪ ].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…AKC is distinguished from VKC by older age, strong association to other atopic diseases like atopic dermatitis, conjunctival cicatrization, and the presence of a scabrous hyperpigmented lax eyelid skin. Diagnostic criteria based on medical history, clinical presentation, and laboratory tests have been proposed over the years for the diagnosis and grading of VKC, with no consensus [2,15,16 ▪ ,17]. In the presence of symptoms that point towards an allergic eye disease, we propose the following inclusion clinical criteria as basis for the diagnosis of VKC; superior tarsal, or limbal papillae of at least 1 mm in diameter, superior tarsal giant papillae (>3 mm) in the absence of a mechanical inciting agent like an irritating suture or contact lens, gelatinous limbal hypertrophy.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%