Diagnosis of Bone Mineral Density Based on Backscattering Resonance Phenomenon Using Coregistered Functional Laser Photoacoustic and Ultrasonic Probes

Abstract

Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) machines based on bone mineral density (BMD) represent the gold standard for osteoporosis diagnosis and assessment of fracture risk, but bone strength and toughness are strongly correlated with bone collagen content (CC). Early detection of osteoporosis combined with BMD and CC will provide improved predictability for avoiding fracture risk. The backscattering resonance (BR) phenomenon is present in both ultrasound (US) and photoacoustic (PA) signal transmissions through bone, and the peak frequencies of BR can be changed with BM and CC. This phenomenon can be explained by the formation of standing waves within the pores. Simulations were then conducted for the same bone µCT images and the resulting resonance frequencies were found to match those predicted using the standing wave hypothesis. Experiments were performed on the same bone sample using an 808 nm wavelength laser as the PA source and 3.5 MHz ultrasonic transducer as the US source. The backscattering resonance effect was observed in the transmitted waves. These results verify our hypothesis that the backscattering resonance phenomenon is present in both US and PA signal transmissions and can be explained using the standing waves model, which will provide a suitable method for the early detection of osteoporosis.

Photoacoustic Imaging and Characterization of Bone in Medicine: Overview, Applications, and Outlook

“…This finding was corroborated in studies by Yang et al (150,151) on trabecular cattle bone from ischium (150) and femur (151), where the mean ± 1 standard deviation of the AIB difference between normal and decollagenized bone samples was −4.54 ± 2.27 dB and −6.87 ± 3.55 dB, respectively. Recently, Yang et al (152) studied the effect of osteoporosis on backscatter resonance, which appears as harmonic peaks in the frequency domain. While both photoacoustic and ultrasound results showed backscatter resonance on treated and control cattle bones, the simulation and experimental results were not consistent because of the distortion of the bone signal when passing through the skin.…”

Qualitative Classification of Proximal Femoral Bone Using Geometric Features and Texture Analysis in Collected MRI Images for Bone Density Evaluation

“…We evaluated the two methods used based on two indices (the Dice Similarity Coefficient (DSC) [26] and the Jacard Index (also called Intersection over Union, IoU)) [27] to determine the efficiency of each method. These two methods can be defined as Equations ( 1) and (2), where S and T, correspondingly, represent the segmentation result and the ground truth. Figure 2 shows a sample of the segmented results by both techniques.…”

“…Physiotherapy can be considered a special nonpharmacological method that can be useful and effective for patients who have osteoporosis, through manual methods, resistance exercises, etc. [2,3].…”

“…Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) is considered the clinical gold standard for BMD evaluation. According to the guidelines of the National Osteoporosis Foundation, the indications for DEXA examination are: (a) women 65 years old and men 70 years and older, (b) postmenopausal women and men over 50 who have suffered bone fractures, and (c) adults who suffer from rheumatoid arthritis or use medications such as glucocorticoids and have low bone mass [2,3,11]. However, DEXA scans do not give any information regarding the bone microarchitecture and mechanical properties, which are also crucial factors in bone resistance to fracture [12,13].…”

Micro-/Nano-Fiber Sensors and Optical Integration Devices

“…Yang et al combined ultrasonic (US) and photoacoustic (PA) spectroscopy technology to realize the detection of the periodic microstructure of bone samples [ 6 ], where the standing waves were generated among the pores. The US resonance spectra of bone samples after demineralization and decollagenization have been compared and analyzed.…”