Diagnosis of Human Caliciviruses by Use of Enzyme Immunoassays

Abstract

The application of molecular technologies, such as the expression of viral proteins in baculovirus, has provided a powerful approach to the diagnosis of human calicivirus (HuCV) infections. The baculovirus-expressed HuCV capsid protein self-assembles into virus-like particles, providing excellent reagents for immunologic assays, such as enzyme immunoassays (EIAs). Following the expression of the capsid protein of Norwalk virus, the capsid proteins of 8 other HuCV strains have been expressed in baculovirus. The unlimited supply of baculovirus-produced reagents for HuCVs allows these EIAs to be applied in large-scale clinical and epidemiological studies. Both the antigen and antibody-detection EIAs are highly sensitive. The antigen-detection EIAs are highly specific, but the antibody-detection EIAs are more broadly reactive. This article reviews baculovirus expression techniques used to produce HuCV capsid antigens, development of EIAs using these antigens, and application of these EIAs in studies of HuCV infection and illness.

His-tagged norovirus-like particles: A versatile platform for cellular delivery and surface display

“…Moreover, it has been found, that existing NoV VLP antibodies do not block the immunization with another NoV VLP [43]. Therefore, despite the high level of pre-existing NoV antibodies [43,44], the use of NoV VLPs as a carrier might not be impaired by them. Applications for these engineered VLPs include the creation of novel vaccines presenting unique immunological content on their surface; steering or enhancing the immune response; targeting specific cells; and encapsidation or display of different molecules, from nucleotides, genes, peptides and proteins to therapeutic drugs and inorganic nanomaterials [13,45].…”

Seroprevalence of Antibodies against Noroviruses among Students in a Chinese Military Medical University

“…Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for measuring antibodies to NVs. The conditions for ELISAs to detect antibodies in serum specimens described in previous studies (16,23) were used with minor modifications here. Partially purified rNV capsid proteins (rNorwalk, rMxV, and rVA387) were used to coat 96-well microtiter plates at 0.25 g/ml in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), and the plates were incubated at 4°C overnight.…”

Diarrheal illness among deployed U.S. military personnel during Operation Bright Star 2001—Egypt

“…(Putzker et al, 2000) Laboratory procedures for both rotavirus and astrovirus detection were performed according to manufacturer's instructions. Norovirus detection was performed using a previously described enzyme immunoassay (Jiang et al, 2000).…”