Diagnosis of Mediterranean visceral leishmaniasis by detection of Leishmania -related antigen in urine and oral fluid samples

Benabid, Meriem; Galai, Yousr; Habboul, Zakia; Abdelaziz, Rim Ben; Ben-Sghaier, Ines; Karim, Abdul; Bouratbine, A.

doi:10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.12.026

Cited by 12 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…On the other hand, KAtex has got a reasonable sensitivity in some of the VL-endemic areas of the world, including the Middle East and Europe. Very low sensitivity has been recorded for KAtex in Nepal and Tunisia [21][22]. Discrepancies in the sensitivity and specificity of the test may be linked to the participated patients (severity of the disease and parasite and also antigen load), geographical region of the study, and lack of homogeneity of the studied population.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Diagnostic accuracy of urinary latex agglutination test (KAtex) for the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis: A meta-analysis

Fararouei

Sarkari

Khabisi

et al. 2018

J Infect Dev Ctries

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Latex agglutination test (KAtex) has been used in the last two decades for the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in different VL-endemic areas. Here, we present a meta-analysis of studies which evaluated the KAtex for the diagnosis of VL to find out its overall diagnostic performance. A database search was performed on PubMed, Scopus, ISI Web of Science, Iranmedex and Google Scholar. The search of databases found 57 papers, of which 17 articles fulfilled our eligibility criteria. Meta-analysis of diagnostic accuracy (MADA) and Hierarchical Summary Receiver Operating Curve (HSROC) packages were used to do the meta-analysis and to obtain pooled estimates of sensitivity and specificity. Fixed effect bivariate analysis was conducted, using Mantel-Haenszel estimator, to measure the performance and diagnosis odds ratio (DOR) of the test. Heterogeneity of the test results was assessed by Chi-squared test. The sensitivity of individual studies ranged from 39.8 to 100%, and the specificity ranged from 64 to100%. The combined sensitivity and specificity estimates of KAtex were 77% (95% CI, 70-83%), and 97% (95% CI, 93-97%), respectively. Comparing the performance of the test by region suggests a significant difference where the lowest and highest sensitivities are reported from Nepal/Tunisia and Europe/Middle East respectively (p < 0.05). On the other hand, the lowest and highest rates of specificity were reported from Sudan and America/Middle East respectively. The overall specificity of KAtex is satisfactory. However, KAtex suffers from low sensitivity and this shortcoming should be improved. The test provides a rapid and simple diagnosis of VL and improvement of its sensitivity deserve further studies.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Diagnostic accuracy of urinary latex agglutination test (KAtex) for the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis: A meta-analysis

Fararouei

Sarkari

Khabisi

et al. 2018

J Infect Dev Ctries

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“…Tubulointerstitial involvement and glomerulonephritis are the main causative agents of the proteinuria disorder, which is common in most patients with a clinical episode of leishmaniasis [125][126][127]. In infected individuals, urine represents a fluid from which parasite DNA is easily extracted for detection and species identification [128], which has been probed in the urine of patients [109,121,129,130] and in animal reservoirs [131,132]. These searches were performed in VL caused by L. infantum [109,120,121,133]; in CL and VL-HIV+ patients infected by L. martiniquensis [134]; in CL due to L. major or L. tropica [109]; in South American cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis caused by L. braziliensis, L. guyanensis, or L. peruviana [130]; and in canine visceral leishmaniasis [131,132,135].…”

Section: Urinementioning

confidence: 99%

“…A low-molecular-mass heat-stable leishmanial carbohydrate antigen [162] has allowed the development of a latex agglutination test (KAtex) to be commercialized [76,162] and compared to ELISA [163]. Its efficiency was thoroughly tested in various VL endemic areas [76,105,129,148,[164][165][166][167][168][169]. The KAtex test in urine might be useful for the detection of VL within the clinical case definition: fever for more than two weeks, splenomegaly, and no previous history of VL [170].…”

Section: Urinementioning

confidence: 99%

“…In humans, a preliminary experiment involving the detection of rK39 antibodies demonstrated 99.2% sensitivity and 100% specificity for Leishmania diagnosis using patient sputum [149]. Interestingly, KAtex showed a higher sensitivity to diagnose Mediterranean visceral leishmaniasis with oral fluid than with urine, even though this test was originally conceived to be used with urine [129]. In addition to saliva, Leishmania has been occasionally detected in the bronchoalveolar lavages of patients suffering from VL [233,234].…”

Section: Saliva/oral Swab/sputummentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Additional data is required to more firmly address the interest of using molecular methods to detect leishmania parasites using saliva. Data on the detection of antigen in patients suffering leishmaniasis has been extracted from only one study with a positivity of 74% [129]. Human African Trypanosomiasis and Animal Trypanosomiases.…”

Section: Saliva/oral Swab/sputummentioning

confidence: 99%

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Noninvasive Biological Samples to Detect and Diagnose Infections due to Trypanosomatidae Parasites: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Sereno

Akhoundi

Sayehmri

et al. 2020

IJMS

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Unicellular eukaryotes of the Trypanosomatidae family include human and animal pathogens that belong to the Trypanosoma and Leishmania genera. Diagnosis of the diseases they cause requires the sampling of body fluids (e.g., blood, lymph, peritoneal fluid, cerebrospinal fluid) or organ biopsies (e.g., bone marrow, spleen), which are mostly obtained through invasive methods. Body fluids or appendages can be alternatives to these invasive biopsies but appropriateness remains poorly studied. To further address this question, we perform a systematic review on clues evidencing the presence of parasites, genetic material, antibodies, and antigens in body secretions, appendages, or the organs or proximal tissues that produce these materials. Paper selection was based on searches in PubMed, Web of Science, WorldWideScience, SciELO, Embase, and Google. The information of each selected article (n = 333) was classified into different sections and data were extracted from 77 papers. The presence of Trypanosomatidae parasites has been tracked in most of organs or proximal tissues that produce body secretions or appendages, in naturally or experimentally infected hosts. The meta-analysis highlights the paucity of studies on human African trypanosomiasis and an absence on animal trypanosomiasis. Among the collected data high heterogeneity in terms of the I 2 statistic (100%) is recorded. A high positivity is recorded for antibody and genetic material detection in urine of patients and dogs suffering leishmaniasis, and of antigens for leishmaniasis and Chagas disease. Data on conjunctival swabs can be analyzed with molecular methods solely for dogs suffering canine visceral leishmaniasis. Saliva and hair/bristles showed a pretty good positivity that support their potential to be used for leishmaniasis diagnosis. In conclusion, our study pinpoints significant gaps that need to be filled in order to properly address the interest of body secretion and hair or bristles for the diagnosis of infections caused by Leishmania and by other Trypanosomatidae parasites.

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A review of non-invasive samples and tools in kala-azar diagnosis and test of cure

Vijayakumar,

Narayan,

Kumari

et al. 2024

Experimental Parasitology

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Diagnosis of Mediterranean visceral leishmaniasis by detection of Leishmania -related antigen in urine and oral fluid samples

Cited by 12 publications

References 11 publications

Diagnostic accuracy of urinary latex agglutination test (KAtex) for the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis: A meta-analysis

Diagnostic accuracy of urinary latex agglutination test (KAtex) for the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis: A meta-analysis

Noninvasive Biological Samples to Detect and Diagnose Infections due to Trypanosomatidae Parasites: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

A review of non-invasive samples and tools in kala-azar diagnosis and test of cure

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