Diagnosis of pathological conditions through electronic nose analysis of urine samples: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Afonso, Helga A.S.; Farraia, Mariana; Vieira, Mónica; Rufo, João Cavaleiro

doi:10.1097/j.pbj.0000000000000188

Cited by 5 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…We acknowledge that by including various types of tumors or nonneoplastic diseases, and different biological media (e.g., urine, saliva, breath, blood, tumor specimen), more comprehensive pooled findings could potentially be obtained. Yet, it is crucial to say that combining such diverse diseases with unique biological characteristics and odor signatures might introduce biases and hinder accurate interpretations, as also demonstrated in studies by Scheepers et al [49], Afonso et al [114], and other authors. Considering the assumptions above, our study has shown an I 2 of 57% for sensitivity and 66% for specificity, indicating a "significant" degree of heterogeneity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early Detection of Prostate Cancer: The Role of Scent

et al. 2023

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Prostate cancer (PCa) represents the cause of the second highest number of cancer-related deaths worldwide, and its clinical presentation can range from slow-growing to rapidly spreading metastatic disease. As the characteristics of most cases of PCa remains incompletely understood, it is crucial to identify new biomarkers that can aid in early detection. Despite the prostate-specific antigen serum (PSA) levels, prostate biopsy, and imaging representing the actual gold-standard for diagnosing PCa, analyzing volatile organic compounds (VOCs) has emerged as a promising new frontier. We and other authors have reported that highly trained dogs can recognize specific VOCs associated with PCa with high accuracy. However, using dogs in clinical practice has several limitations. To exploit the potential of VOCs, an electronic nose (eNose) that mimics the dog olfactory system and can potentially be used in clinical practice was designed. To explore the eNose as an alternative to dogs in diagnosing PCa, we conducted a systematic literature review and meta-analysis of available studies. PRISMA guidelines were used for the identification, screening, eligibility, and selection process. We included six studies that employed trained dogs and found that the pooled diagnostic sensitivity was 0.87 (95% CI 0.86–0.89; I2, 98.6%), the diagnostic specificity was 0.83 (95% CI 0.80–0.85; I2, 98.1%), and the area under the summary receiver operating characteristic curve (sROC) was 0.64 (standard error, 0.25). We also analyzed five studies that used an eNose to diagnose PCa and found that the pooled diagnostic sensitivity was 0.84 (95% CI, 0.80–0.88; I2, 57.1%), the diagnostic specificity was 0.88 (95% CI, 0.84–0.91; I2, 66%), and the area under the sROC was 0.93 (standard error, 0.03). These pooled results suggest that while highly trained dogs have the potentiality to diagnose PCa, the ability is primarily related to olfactory physiology and training methodology. The adoption of advanced analytical techniques, such as eNose, poses a significant challenge in the field of clinical practice due to their growing effectiveness. Nevertheless, the presence of limitations and the requirement for meticulous study design continue to present challenges when employing eNoses for the diagnosis of PCa.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early Detection of Prostate Cancer: The Role of Scent

et al. 2023

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“…In recent years, a series of studies have proposed novel methods, such as the diagnosis of BAD through the detection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced by gut microbiota metabolism. By analyzing the VOCs, the status of the gut microbiota can be inferred, allowing for the assessment of bile acid metabolism and subsequent diagnosis of BAD [73][74][75][76]. By conducting bacteriome analysis and volatile gas testing on both BAD patients and healthy individuals, it is possible to identify distinguishing features.…”

Section: Detecting Intestinal Microbiota and Its Metabolitesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bile Acid Diarrhea: From Molecular Mechanisms to Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment in the Era of Precision Medicine

Yang,

Lyu,

et al. 2024

IJMS

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Bile acid diarrhea (BAD) is a multifaceted intestinal disorder involving intricate molecular mechanisms, including farnesoid X receptor (FXR), fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 (FGFR4), and Takeda G protein–coupled receptor 5 (TGR5). Current diagnostic methods encompass bile acid sequestrants (BAS), 48-h fecal bile acid tests, serum 7α-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one (C4), fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) testing, and 75Selenium HomotauroCholic acid test (75SeHCAT). Treatment primarily involves BAS and FXR agonists. However, due to the limited sensitivity and specificity of current diagnostic methods, as well as suboptimal treatment efficacy and the presence of side effects, there is an urgent need to establish new diagnostic and treatment methods. While prior literature has summarized various diagnostic and treatment methods and the pathogenesis of BAD, no previous work has linked the two. This review offers a molecular perspective on the clinical diagnosis and treatment of BAD, with a focus on FXR, FGFR4, and TGR5, emphasizing the potential for identifying additional molecular mechanisms as treatment targets and bridging the gap between diagnostic and treatment methods and molecular mechanisms for a novel approach to the clinical management of BAD.

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Electronic nose versus VITEK 2 system for the rapid diagnosis of bloodstream infections

Mohamed,

Turkey,

Meshref

et al. 2023

Braz J Microbiol

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Infectious diseases that spread through the bloodstream, known as bloodstream infections (BSIs), are a major global health problem. Positive outcomes for patients with sepsis are typically the result of prompt treatment started after an early diagnosis of BSIs. In this study, we evaluated the capabilities of a portable electronic nose (E-Nose) to detect BSIs with two commonly isolated Gram-negative bacterial species, E. coli and K. pneumonia. One hundred and five blood samples were randomly collected for blood culture examinations using BACTEC and VITEK 2 system, and headspace analysis by an E-Nose from June to December 2021. Classification accuracy of E. coli, K. pneumonia, and negative controls was measured using principal component analysis, area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, sensitivity, and specificity analysis. After incubation for 24 h, cluster plots generated using principal component analysis demonstrated that E-Nose could accurately diagnose the presence of E. coli and K. pneumonia in BACTEC blood culture bottles with a sensitivity and specificity of 100% in just 120 s. The E-Nose method has been shown to be an immediate, precise, and cost-effective alternative to automated blood culture BACTEC and VITEK 2 systems for the fast detection of the causative bacterial pathogens of BSIs in clinical practice. Thus, patients with such Gram-negative bacteremia can have guided empirical antimicrobial therapy on the same day of BSIs diagnosis, which can be lifesaving.

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Diagnosis of pathological conditions through electronic nose analysis of urine samples: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract: Supplemental Digital Content is Available in the Text.

Cited by 5 publications

References 51 publications

Early Detection of Prostate Cancer: The Role of Scent

Early Detection of Prostate Cancer: The Role of Scent

Bile Acid Diarrhea: From Molecular Mechanisms to Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment in the Era of Precision Medicine

Electronic nose versus VITEK 2 system for the rapid diagnosis of bloodstream infections

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