Neurodegenerative diseases significantly impact patients and their families, making early identification crucial for improving patients’ quality of life and reducing care burdens. Current screening methods for neurodegenerative diseases, such as dementia and mild cognitive impairment, still rely on subjective assessments or expensive techniques like invasive cerebrospinal fluid analysis and magnetic resonance imaging. These factors make early identification challenging. Voice biomarkers present a promising alternative as convenient, non-invasive, and low-cost screening tools. With the application and development of artificial intelligence and big data, the prediction and screening of neurodegenerative diseases based on voice data have become a research focus. This article reviews the progress in voice biomarkers for neurodegenerative diseases screening and classification. It summarizes relevant studies on both single and multimodal data, identifies existing challenges, and suggests future research directions to enhance the application of voice biomarkers in neurodegenerative disease contexts.