Diagnosis of skin cancer by correlation and complexity analyses of damaged DNA

Abstract

Skin cancer is a common, low-grade cancerous (malignant) growth of the skin. It starts from cells that begin as normal skin cells and transform into those with the potential to reproduce in an out-of-control manner. Cancer develops when DNA, the molecule found in cells that encodes genetic information, becomes damaged and the body cannot repair the damage. A DNA walk of a genome represents how the frequency of each nucleotide of a pairing nucleotide couple changes locally. In this research in order to diagnose the skin cancer, first DNA walk plots of genomes of patients with skin cancer were generated. Then, the data so obtained was checked for complexity by computing the fractal dimension. Furthermore, the Hurst exponent has been employed in order to study the correlation of damaged DNA. By analysing different samples it has been found that the damaged DNA sequences are exhibiting higher degree of complexity and less correlation compared to normal DNA sequences. This investigation confirms that this method can be used for diagnosis of skin cancer. The method discussed in this research is useful not only for diagnosis of skin cancer but can be applied for diagnosis and growth analysis of different types of cancers.

The analysis of the influence of fractal structure of stimuli on fractal dynamics in fixational eye movements and EEG signal

“…Although, in medical science, fractal properties have been reported for various cases such as DNA2, Blood vessel and pulmonary vessels3, heart sound4, heart rate5, EEG signal6, bone structure7 and human stride time series8, there have been limited works which analyzed the fractal dynamics of eye movements as a random walk. Besides some works which found out the fractal nature of fixational eye movements910, some scientists have worked on analysis of eye movements in healthy or unhealthy subjects.…”

The fractal based analysis of human face and DNA variations during aging

“…DNA walk as a fractal random walk shows the variations of purine-pyrimidine displacement along nucleotide distance. In (27) we showed that variations of DNA affect its DNA walk's fractal dimension. Then, in order to study the DNA walk and human face, we considered the complexity phenomenon and used fractal dimension.…”

“…In an extensive work on analysis of fractal dimension of face according to the age, Yarlagadda et al developed a method that classified facial images into four categories i.e. child image [0][1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15], young adult image [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30], middle-aged adult image [31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50], and senior adult image (> 50) based on correlation fractal dimension value of a facial edge image (21...…”

“…In a different work on employing fractal theory for analysis of DNA walk, we analyzed the complexity of DNA walk in case of healthy subjects and subjects with skin cancer using fractal theory. We found out that DNA walk in case of patients shows higher fractal dimension than for normal DNA sequences (27). In another work, considering the diffusion of drugs in cancer cells and fractality of DNA walks, we developed a model which analyzed the effect of chemotherapy on cancer cells using Fractional Diffusion Equation (FDE) (28).…”

Can We Study the Correlation between Human Brain Signal and Otherbiological Signals?

“…Now, the question, which arises here, is that how we can One useful approach to study the scaling properties of many biological time series is to apply methods derived from the concept of selfsimilar (fractal) processes [4][5][6]. A fractal is a natural phenomenon or a mathematical set that exhibits a repeating pattern that displays at every scale [7].…”