Diagnosis of Tuberculosis: Nanodiagnostics Approaches

Abstract

Tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the most devastating infectious diseases worldwide. The burden of TB is alarmingly high in developing countries, where diagnosis latent TB infection (LTBI), Extra-pulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB), drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB), HIV-associated TB, and paediatric TB is still a challenge. This is mainly due to delayed or misdiagnosis of TB, which continues to fuel its worldwide epidemic. The ideal diagnostic test is still unavailable, and conventional methods remain a necessity for TB diagnosis, though with poor diagnostic ability. The nanoparticles have shown potential for the improvement of drug delivery, reducing treatment frequency and diagnosis of various diseases. The engineering of antigens/antibody nanocarriers represents an exciting front in the field of diagnostics, potentially flagging the way toward development of better diagnostics for TB. This chapter discusses the presently available tests for TB diagnostics and also highlights the recent advancement in the nanotechnology-based detection tests for M. tuberculosis.

Evolution of tuberculosis diagnostics: From molecular strategies to nanodiagnostics

“…4 ). In order to improve the detection of light-emitting diode fluorescent microscopy is often recommended [ [28] , [29] , [30] ].

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“…Other components incorporated in the device include detectors for fluorescence, compartments for electrophoresis, heaters, and temperature sensors [ 169 ]. The integration of lithography and semiconductor has paved the way for nanoscale cantilevers that can detect DNA or protein [ 30 ]. In countries with a heavy TB burden, nanocantilevers can be used which absorb TB antigens on their surface and quantifies the piezoresistive change based on the principle of nanomechanical deflection.…”

Diagnostic Advances in Childhood Tuberculosis—Improving Specimen Collection and Yield of Microbiological Diagnosis for Intrathoracic Tuberculosis

“…Improvement of microbiological detection requires the development of new biomarkers. Technologies using nanoparticles, which are small particles that can be bound to biomolecules for diagnostics in cancer and infectious diseases, have notably shown promising results with the diagnosis of TB [88]. Nanotechnologies have been recently used to develop tests to detect MTB or antituberculosis drug resistance mutations with either PCR or lateral flow strip technologies, with performances surpassing that of Xpert or other standard microbiological tests.…”

Exploring State-Of-The-Art Advances in Targeted Nanomedicines for Managing Acute and Chronic Inflammatory Lung Diseases

“…Therefore, biomarkers even at low concentration can be quantified. This test method can not only assess the severity of an active tuberculosis infection, but also the therapeutic effect [93].…”