Diagnostic accuracy of autofluorescence-Raman microspectroscopy for surgical margin assessment during Mohs micrographic surgery of basal cell carcinoma

Abstract

Background Autofluorescence (AF) - Raman spectroscopy is a technology that can detect residual basal cell carcinoma (BCC) on the resection margin of fresh surgically excised tissue specimens. The technology does not require tissue fixation, staining, labelling, or sectioning, and provides quantitative diagnosis maps of the surgical margins in 30 minutes. Objectives To determine the accuracy of the AF-Raman instrument to detect incomplete excisions of BCC during Mohs micrographic surgery, using histology as reference standard. Methods Skin layers from 130 patients undergoing Mohs surgery at the Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust (September 2022 to July 2023) were investigated with the AF-Raman instrument. The layers were measured fresh, immediately after excision. The AF-Raman results and the intra-operative assessment by Mohs surgeons were compared to a post-operative consensus-derived reference produced by three dermatopathologists. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were calculated. Results The AF-Raman analysis was successfully completed for 125 out of the 130 layers. The AF-Raman analysis covered 91% of the specimen surface area on average, with the lowest being 87% for eyelid and the highest being 94% for forehead specimens. The AF-Raman instrument identified positive margins in 24 out of 36 BCC-positive cases, resulting in a 67% sensitivity (95% confidence intervals (CI): 49%-82%) and negative margins in 65 out of 89 BCC-negative cases, resulting in a 73% specificity (95% CI 63%-82%). Only one out of the 12 false negative cases was caused by misclassification by the AF-Raman algorithm. The other 11 false negatives cases were produced because no valid Raman signal was recorded at the location of the residual BCC due to either occlusion by blood or poor contact between tissue and cassette window. The intra-operative diagnosis by Mohs surgeons identified positive margins in 31 out of 36 BCC-positive cases, 86% sensitivity (95% CI: 70%-95%), and negative margins in 79 out of 89 BCC-negative cases, 89% specificity (95% CI: 81%-95%). Conclusions This study shows that the AF-Raman instrument has potential for intra-operative microscopic assessment of surgical margins in surgery of BCC. Further improvements are required for tissue processing to ensure complete coverage of the surgical specimens. ClinicalTrials.gov ID NCT03482622.