“…Recent studies showed that psychosocial factors such as stress, anxiety, alexithymia, and catastrophizing could affect the onset of TMD and its response to treatment (De la Torre Canales et al, 2020 ; Rollman & Gillespie, 2000 ; Sadrzadeh‐Afshar et al, 2023 ; Shahnavazi et al, 2021 ). Different malocclusions have also been a controversial risk factor for TMD (Manfredini et al, 2017 ; Salari et al, 2024 ). The diagnosis is based on clinical examinations, past medical and dental history, and paraclinical data (Daniele Kapos et al, 2020 ; Manfredini et al, 2023 ; Padisar et al, 2020 ).…”