Diagnostic and Prognostic Markers of Periodontal Disease

Abstract

Aim of the study: The aim of this study is to determine the values of salivary enzyme biomarkers (alkaline phosphatase – ALP, aspartate aminotransferase – AST and lactate dehydrogenase – LDH) in subjects with healthy and diseased periodontium and to investigate the possibility of using these salivary enzymes as diagnostic and prognostic markers. Methods: We collected saliva with the spitting method from all examinees in the morning, using the recommendations provided by Navazesh. The values of the enzymes in saliva were determined spectro-photometrically, with the following methods: ALP-IFCC, AST-IFCC, LDH-PYRUVATE. IGI Silness-Löe was used to determine the presence of gingival inflammation, and to determine the presence of clinically manifest periodontitis, we determined the clinical loss of periodontal attachment with a graduated periodontal probe. For statistical purposes, we used the method of ANOVA Chi Square and Student’s t-test. Results: The difference in the average salivary AST and LDH values between the first and the second group, as well between the first and third group is statistically significant (p < 0.000). The difference in the average salivary AST and LDH values between the examinees with gingivitis and the examinees with clinically manifest periodontal disease is statistically insignificant (p < 0.485101 for AST, p < 0.816665 for LDH). The difference in the average salivary levels of ALP between the three groups is statistically significant (p < 0.000). Conclusion: The salivary levels of AST, LDH, and ALP can be used as diagnostic markers, while ALP can also be used as a prognostic marker for periodontal disease.

Comparison of Short-Term Restorative Effects and Periodontal Health Status of Restorations Made of Different Materials in Full-Crown Restoration of Mandibular Premolar Tooth Defects

“…Note: * indicates P < 0:05 vs. the zirconia crown group; # indicates P < 0:05 vs. before treatment. can also reflect periodontal inflammation and have some negative effects on periodontal health [24,25]. YKL-40 is a newly discovered inflammatory factor in recent years, with abundant tissue sources, which can be expressed endogenously by inflammatory cells such as macrophages and neutrophils, as well as articular chondrocytes and synovial cells.…”

Aspartato aminotransferasa salival biomolécula diagnóstica de periodontitis como puente de interacción multidisciplinaria

“…Diversos estudios proponen que biomoléculas contenidas en la saliva pueden utilizarse como herramientas para el diagnóstico de periodontitis, con la ventaja de que es fácil de recolectar, de bajo costo, no invasiva y no requiere de personal capacitado para su recolección (9,28). Por lo tanto, su uso en la consulta no bucodental es factible; sin embargo, no se ha evaluado que biomolécula contenida en la saliva presenta la mejor capacidad diagnóstica para periodontitis.…”

“…Se sugiere la asociación de ASTsa con la periodontitis en este estudio, debido a los niveles elevados de la enzima en sujetos con la enfermedad comparados con los sujetos no enfermos asociada a la progresión y el aumento de la actividad de la enfermedad; además los niveles disminuyen después de tratamiento periodontal y correlacionan con la diferencia en la extensión y la severidad de la CAL antes y después de tratamiento. Los niveles elevados de la ASTsa por periodontitis han sido reportados en diferentes poblaciones; por ejemplo, Alsaykhan et al (9) reportaron incremento salival (18.6 ± 7.7 vs. 86.4 ± 19.2, p< 0.001) en 45 sujetos https://doi.org/10.32776/revbiomed.v35i2.1186 de Arabia saudita con edades entre 25 a 50 años, Risteska et al (28) observaron también incremento en 45 sujetos de Macedonia con edades entre 19 a 70 años (Diferencia de medias 9.020, p< 0.001). Por otra parte, Caliaperoumal et al (31) en 45 sujetos de la India con edades entre 20 a 70 años, y Shinde et al (12) en 120 sujetos de la India con edades entre 20 a 64 años, demostraron aumento significativo en la ASTsa en sujetos con aumento de la profundidad de la bolsa periodontal y sangrado al sondaje comparados con sujetos con periodonto sanos (p< 0.01).…”

The role of salivary galectin-3 and galectin-9 levels in plaque-induced gingivitis and periodontitis

“…Although standard clinical and radiographic parameters are important in the diagnosis of periodontal diseases and are useful in detecting evidence of past periodontal disease or confirmation of periodontal health, they do not provide any information on the current disease status or future progression. Many studies have emphasized the importance of diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers [ [20] , [21] , [22] , [23] , [24] ].…”

“…A recent review indicated that saliva metabolomics may be a diagnostic tool for various oral diseases including periodontitis and oral cancers [ 21 ]. Saliva, which contains many markers (e.g., host cells, proteins, bacteria, and bacterial products), can be easily collected and has been proposed as a diagnostic sample for periodontal disease [ 16 , 21 , [24] , [25] ]. Our study revealed that Gal-3 and Gal-9 proteins involved in inflammation increased in the saliva of individuals with periodontitis and gingivitis.…”