Diagnostic and Prognostic Role of CD93 in Cardiovascular Disease: A Systematic Review

Abstract

Introduction. Cluster of Differentiation (CD) 93 (also known as complement protein 1 q subcomponent receptor C1qR1 or C1qRp) is a transmembrane glycoprotein that can also be present in a soluble (sCD93) form. Recent studies have investigated the role of this protein in cardiovascular disease (CVD). The present systematic review aims to assess the associations between CD93 and cardiovascular (CV) risk factors and disease at both the proteomic and genomic levels. Methods. We conducted systematic searches in the PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science databases to identify all human studies since inception to February 2023 that investigated the role of CD93 in CV risk factors, CVD, and CV-associated outcomes. The data collection and analysis have been independently conducted by two reviewers. The search terms included: cardiovascular, heart failure, acute stroke, myocardial infarction, stroke, peripheral artery disease, cardiovascular death, MACE, hypertension, metabolic syndrome, hyperuricemia, diabetes, cd93, c1qr, C1qR1, complement protein 1 q subcomponent receptor. Results. A total of 182 references were identified, and 15 studies investigating the associations between CD93 protein levels or CD93 genetic polymorphisms and the development or prevalence of CV risk factors (i.e., hypertension, dyslipidemia, and obesity) and CVD (i.e., heart failure, coronary artery disease, and ischemic stroke) were included. Although promising, the quality and dimension of the analyzed studies do not allow for a definitive answer to the question of whether CD93 may hold diagnostic and prognostic value in CVD.

Role of CD93 in Health and Disease

“…Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is due to vascular endothelial cells’ dysfunction frequently caused by diabetes, hypertension and hyperlipidemia [ 116 ]. The role of CD93 in CVD has been described in a dedicated systematic review published by our research group [ 117 ]. In this paragraph we briefly describe the studies discussed in our previous paper.…”

Accumulation of Microvascular Target Organ Damage in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients Is Associated with Increased Cardiovascular Risk

“…More recent data, however, suggest that Gal-3 may be involved in complement activation through the C1q component [79]. It would be interesting for future studies to explore the possible interaction of Gal-3 with C1q (especially in patients with SLE) and its receptor, which is an emerging molecule in CV disease [80].…”

Effect of Physical Activity during Pregnancy on the Risk of Hypertension Disorders and Gestational Diabetes: Evidence Generated by New RCTs and Systematic Reviews

“…Morland et al, studying the benefits of exercise on brain health, identified the lactate receptor HCAR1 as a key regulator of VEGF and angiogenesis in the brain in response to physical activity. In support of the role of exercise in the prevention of diabetes and hypertension through endothelial protection, Piani et al, in their systematic review, highlight the role of new susceptibility genes such as cluster of differentiation (CD) 93 in the pathogenesis of vascular damage, which has been shown to underlie hypertensive and metabolic disorders [38]. In a clinical setting, the Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome (HAPO) study found positive associations between increasing plasma glucose levels and the incidence of preeclampsia [25].…”