“…One may speculate that mechanism 1) and 2), as well as 3) and 4) are complementary in that the secretion of a particular factor may be a loss for the donor and gain for the recipient cell. As a shared consequence of these distinct mechanisms, circulating EVs contain miRNAs or proteins critical for MDR and can be analyzed for cancer diagnosis and targeted chemotherapy in personalized nanomedicine (for reviews, see (Batrakova & Kim, 2016; Bell, Kirk, Hiltbrunner, Gabrielsson, & Bultema, 2016; Fais et al, 2016; Mirzaei, Sahebkar, Jaafari, Goodarzi, & Mirzaei, 2017; A. Sharma, 2017; A.…”