Diagnostic biomarkers for Parkinson’s disease at a glance: where are we?

Abstract

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder whose aetiology remains unclear: degeneration involves several neurotransmission systems, resulting in a heterogeneous disease characterized by motor and non-motor symptoms. PD causes progressive disability that responds only to symptomatic therapies. Future advances include neuroprotective strategies for use in at-risk populations before the clinical onset of disease, hence the continuing need to identify reliable biomarkers that can facilitate the clinical diagnosis of PD. In this evaluative review, we summarize information on potential diagnostic biomarkers for use in the clinical and preclinical stages of PD.

Development of early diagnosis of Parkinson's disease: Illusion or reality?

“…Less than 10% of patients suffer from monogenic PD, which is predetermined by modifications of risk genes, Parkin, DJ-1, PINK1 ATP13A2, DNAJC6, PLA2G6, FBOX7 and SYNJ1, SNCA, LRRK2, VPS35, etc. [14][15][16][17][18][19][20] However, most patients suffer from idiopathic, or sporadic PD, a multifactorial disease caused by a combination of genetic and epigenetic factors (age, environment, lifestyle, brain injury, etc.). 8,17,[21][22][23][24] This review focuses on sporadic PD.…”

“…They show an increased ratio of oligomeric α-synuclein to total α-synuclein and an increased content of oxidized protein DJ-1 in PD patients compared to age-matched controls. 13,17,102,103 Searching for blood biomarkers has several advantages compared to searching in CSF: (i) the spectrum of plasma biomarkers is wider than in CSF, since they derive not only from the brain, but also from the periphery, (ii) blood sampling is easier and more safe than CSF sampling, (iii) blood biomarkers are represented not only by changes in plasma, but also in blood cells. Nevertheless, the specificity of biomarkers in CSF appears to be higher than those in the blood.…”

“…Lewy bodies (plaques of aggregated α-synuclein), which are easily detected by biopsy in the gastrointestinal tract and salivary glands, are generally considered a reliable biomarker of PD. 11,17 However, the prospect of using this approach for ED is doubtful, since it is invasive, and Lewy bodies are not a specific attribute of PD. [104][105][106][107][108] Another widely recognized peripheral biomarker of PD is fecal microbiome of the gastrointestinal tract.…”

Influence of Gut Microbiota on Behavior and Its Disturbances

“…Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (RBD) is a parasomnia which results from the loss of physiological motor inhibition and is manifested with abnormal behavior during REM sleep. That disorder leads to varying degrees of complex motor activity which ranges from sleep talking to violent dream enacting behaviors potentially harmful for the subject or bed partner [127,133].…”

The role of alpha-sinuclein in the neurodegenerative process

“…В последнее десятилетие гипотеза Браака как критиковалась, так и подтверждалась разными исследованиями. В обзорных статьях последних лет [11,13] авторы на основании обобщенного материала пришли к выводу, что гипотеза Браака подтверждается и in vitro, и in vivo, и клиническими данными. Тем не менее указывается, что система стадий Браака описывает только определенную группу пациентов с ранним началом и длительной продолжительностью заболевания [11].…”