Diagnostic conundrum of oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder.

Abstract

Evidence for a diagnostic distinction of oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and conduct disorder (CD) is reviewed, and alternative conceptualizations and definitions for the 4th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders are considered. Studies suggest that CD and ODD are strongly and developmentally related but clearly different. Factor analyses indicate that distinct covarying groups of ODD and CD symptoms can be identified, but certain symptoms relate to both (particularly mild aggression and lying). Age of onset for ODD is earlier than for most CD symptoms. Nearly all youths with CD have a history of ODD, but not all ODD cases progress to CD. The disorders demonstrate the same forms of parental psychopathology and family adversity but to a greater degree for CD than for ODD. Alternative conceptualizations for the disorders are presented for further study before the introduction of the DSM-IV.

Child Disobedience and Noncompliance: A Review

“…Thus, this model stresses the importance of investigating unwanted behaviors that appear early in development, longitudinally, and that noncompliance in a minority of children is a precursor to more serious disruptive and delinquent behavior including aggression, violence, and covert acts such as theft. 33,34 There has been a substantial amount of evidence to support this model. 35 There is a very close relationship between noncompliance, aggression, and norm-breaking behavior in older children.…”

Estabilidad y predicción de la agresión física desde la infancia hasta la adolescencia: un estudio con múltiples informants [Stability and prediction of physical agresión from childhood to adolescence: A multi-informant study]

“…(ej. Farrington, 1991;Loeber, Lahey y Thomas, 1991;Stanger., Achenbach, y Verhulst, 1997). Por ello, algunos autores han subrayado la necesidad de considerar de forma separada el desarrollo de conductas agresivas de las conductas desviadas, así como las diferentes formas de agresiones (fí-sicas, indirectas y/o verbales) (Caprara, Barbaranelli y Zimbardo, 1996;Loeber y StouthamerLoeber, 1998;Anderson y Bushman, 2002;Tremblay, 2000).…”

Does controlling for comorbidity matter? DSM‐oriented scales and violent offending in chicago youth

“…This scale was purposefully omitted in this model owing to multicollinearity and tautology issues raised when examining youth violence outcomes, as CD is characterized by four groupings of aggressive behavior which violate societal rules and the rights of others (including physical violence to other people or animals, weapon use to commit other crimes or threaten victims, forced sexual activity, etc.). However, because CD plays a major role in the literature on mental health and aggression/ violence pathways and is a common subsequent diagnosis for children with ODP [American Psychiatric Association, 2000; Lahey and Loeber, 1994;Loeber et al, 1991], it is included in the present discussion when applicable, as it relates to both the continuity and stability of disruptive behaviors and the developmental progression of co-occurring mental health problems into adulthood [see Frick, 1998;Hill and Nathan, 2008]. Similarly, it should be noted that while substance abuse and use disorder has a wellknown and robust association with other forms of mental illness and antisocial behaviors [see e.g., Arseneault et al, 2000;Loeber et al, 1998], we were precluded from operationalizing such measures because Achenbach and associates have not created a DSM-oriented scale for this type of disorder in youth.…”