Diagnostic Criteria for Complicated Grief Disorder

Horowitz, Mardi J.; Siegel, Bryna; Holen, Are; Bonanno, George A.; Milbrath, Constance; Stinson, Charles

doi:10.1176/foc.1.3.290

Cited by 269 publications

(383 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Firstly, the symptoms and criteria for a grief disorder are an ongoing subject of debate in scientific publications. All studies used different criteria to select their predictive grief symptoms (Horowitz et al, 2003; Prigerson et al, 1995). We only had data on 11 symptoms included in the PGD scale, while other symptoms like ‘changed world view’ were not included in our analyses.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early indicators of problematic grief trajectories following bereavement

Djelantik

Smid

Kleber

et al. 2017

European Journal of Psychotraumatology

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Background: Little is known about the development of Prolonged Grief Disorder (PGD) symptoms over time in adults. For clinical purposes, it would be useful to have knowledge about early indicators of a problematic grief trajectory. Objective: This study aimed to identify classes of bereaved individuals with similar trajectories of PGD symptoms and to design a provisional screening tool including symptoms predicting membership of classes with problematic grief trajectories. Method: In a Dutch sample of 166 bereaved individuals, we conducted a latent class analysis to identify classes of bereaved individuals with similar trajectories of PGD symptoms between two time points (mean of 6 and 18 months post-loss, respectively). Next, we used Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analyses to examine which symptoms at baseline best predicted membership of classes with problematic grief trajectories. Results: We found four different classes: a class including individuals with persistent high PGD symptoms (class 1, 6%), a class of individuals with persistent moderate PGD symptoms (class 2, 35%), a class of individuals with slightly decreasing moderate PGD symptoms (class 3, 33%) and a class of individuals with persistent low PGD symptoms (class 4, 26%). The endorsement of symptoms ‘yearning’, ‘stunned’, ‘life is empty’ and ‘bitterness’ as present ‘often’ during the preceding month at baseline best-predicted membership of class 1 or 2. Conclusions: Two classes of individuals with problematic grief trajectories were identified. Four symptoms were found which could act as early indicators of these two classes in a provisional screening tool.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early indicators of problematic grief trajectories following bereavement

Djelantik

Smid

Kleber

et al. 2017

European Journal of Psychotraumatology

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“…Recently, some researchers developed a unique set of criteria that may diagnose pathological grief. 20,57,58 Mainly, these criteria include negative feelings to lost attachment (separation) and intrusive symptoms, 20,57 and distinguish pathological grief from normal grief by stipulating that the former is characterized by substantial prolongation of symptoms and impairment of social functioning. 20 In summation, although conceptual differences may exist between normal and pathological grief 20 in clinical settings and diagnostic criteria, the question remains regarding what features may empirically characterize pathological grief and what features empirically characterize normal grief.…”

Section: Normal and Pathological Griefmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…20,[57][58] In these studies, the researchers found an independent (discrete) syndromal cluster concerning pathological grief, which differed potentially not only from normal grief but from mood disorder (major depressive episode) in terms of symptomatology. In DSM-IV, "bereavement" as a V code includes six specific pathological grief symptoms (e.g., guilt, thoughts of death) that are not characteristics of "Major Depression" or "normal" grief reaction.…”

Section: Pathological Grief and Depressionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical and research measures of grief: A reconsideration

Tomita

Kitamura

2002

Comprehensive Psychiatry

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“…Instead, they develop complicated grief with persistent separation distress and features of a chronic stress response syndrome [23,27]. Bereaved individuals with complicated grief experience ongoing difficulty comprehending the death, intense yearning and longing for the person who died, guilt, anger and bitterness related to the death, recurrent pangs of painful emotions, preoccupation with thoughts and images of the deceased, sense of estrangement and emotional loneliness, and debilitating avoidance behaviors [25,39].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%