“…One approach, similar to the narrative approach described for defense spending, draws on presidential speeches and congressional reports to document the timing, magnitude, and rationale of significant tax policy initiatives in the United States. 100 This allows researchers to identify and focus on policy actions that were unrelated to economic conditions and, in doing so, to be confident that government spending changes, rather than economic conditions, were driving the result. Studies using this methodology in the United States, as well as in other developed countries, find tax multipliers that range from 2 to 3.…”