Diagnostic imaging in obesity

Machann, Jürgen; Horstmann, Annette; Born, Mark; Hesse, Swen; Hirsch, Wolfgang

doi:10.1016/j.beem.2013.02.003

Cited by 38 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 84 publications

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“…Several publications have discussed in details the methods used to assess body composition (13,53,54). Here we briefly cite current and most commonly used methodology to assess fat distribution.…”

Section: Fat Distribution Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Magnetic resonance spectroscopy is the gold standard to evaluate ectopic fat deposition and positron emission computerized tomography (PET/CT) is currently the gold standard to evaluate BAT. The validation to assess BAT by MRI is also under way (13). However, there is still no consensus of optimal cut-offs of fat measurements in those sites for predicting cardiometabolic risk.…”

Section: Fat Distribution Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Obesity, insulin resistance and comorbidities ? Mechanisms of association

Castro¹,

Kolka

Kim

et al. 2014

Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab

208

112

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Overall excess of fat, usually defined by the body mass index, is associated with metabolic (e.g. glucose intolerance, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), dyslipidemia) and non-metabolic disorders (e.g. neoplasias, polycystic ovary syndrome, non-alcoholic fat liver disease, glomerulopathy, bone fragility etc.). However, more than its total amount, the distribution of adipose tissue throughout the body is a better predictor of the risk to the development of those disorders. Fat accumulation in the abdominal area and in non-adipose tissue (ectopic fat), for example, is associated with increased risk to develop metabolic and non-metabolic derangements. On the other hand, observations suggest that individuals who present peripheral adiposity, characterized by large hip and thigh circumferences, have better glucose tolerance, reduced incidence of T2DM and of metabolic syndrome. Insulin resistance (IR) is one of the main culprits in the association between obesity, particularly visceral, and metabolic as well as non-metabolic diseases. In this review we will highlight the current pathophysiological and molecular mechanisms possibly involved in the link between increased VAT, ectopic fat, IR and comorbidities. We will also provide some insights in the identification of these abnormalities.

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Section: Fat Distribution Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Fat Distribution Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Obesity, insulin resistance and comorbidities ? Mechanisms of association

Castro¹,

Kolka

Kim

et al. 2014

Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab

208

112

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…waist circumference) in subjects with SCI [46–48]. More recent advances in in vivo imaging modalities open new possibilities for determining organ specific masses, fat infiltration in non-adipose depots and regional distributions of body fat (subcutaneous versus visceral) which have been shown to differentially influence disease risk and will be important for understanding the changes that occur in subjects following SCI [49–51]. …”

Section: Metabolism-related Alterations Following Spinal Cord Injurymentioning

confidence: 99%

Contributors to Metabolic Disease Risk Following Spinal Cord Injury

Smith

Yarar‐Fisher

2016

Curr Phys Med Rehabil Rep

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Spinal cord injury (SCI) induced changes in neurological function have significant impact on the metabolism and subsequent metabolic-related disease risk in injured individuals. This metabolic-related disease risk relationship is differential depending on the anatomic level and severity of the injury, with high level anatomic injuries contributing a greater risk of glucose and lipid dysregulation resulting in type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease risk elevation. Although alterations in body composition, particularly excess adiposity and its anatomical distribution in the visceral depot or ectopic location in non-adipose organs, is known to significantly contribute to metabolic disease risk, changes in fat mass and fat-free mass do not fully account for this elevated disease risk in subjects with SCI. There are other negative adaptations in body composition including reductions in skeletal muscle mass and alterations in muscle fiber type, in addition to significant reduction in physical activity, that contribute to a decline in metabolic rate and increased metabolic disease risk following SCI. Recent studies in adult humans suggest cold- and diet-induced thermogenesis through brown adipose tissue metabolism may be important for energy balance and substrate metabolism, and particularly sensitive to sympathetic nervous signaling. Considering the alterations that occur in the autonomic nervous system (SNS) (sympathetic and parasympathetic) following a SCI, significant dysfunction of brown adipose function is expected. This review will highlight metabolic alterations following SCI and integrate findings from brown adipose tissue studies as potential new areas of research to pursue.

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“…Indeed, MRS allows the spatial mapping of spectroscopic differentiation between brown and white fat, between fat and connective tissue and the characterization of liver fat. 19,29,41,44 The present in vitro NMR measurements suggest that MRS acquisitions could become crucial assessments to validate the success of reconstructive surgery based on the implantation of engineered tissues. In MRS, each voxel contains the 1 H spectroscopic signature of the tissue.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In fact, 1 H-MRS has recently developed into a noninvasive gold standard for determination of hepatic lipids; it is also used for the quantification of intramyocellular lipids as well as for determining the composition of fatty acids in visceral AT depots (e.g., brown and white fat) (reviewed in Ref. 29 ). Studying the proton relaxation properties of reconstructed AT substitutes at this time of their development would therefore provide crucial information on their physicochemical properties, which are necessary to establish optimal MRI and MRS follow-up procedures.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%