Diagnostic of Cytokeratin-19 Gene Expression in Iranian Breast Cancer Patients

Recent Contributions of Mass Spectrometry-Based “Omics” in the Studies of Breast Cancer

“…166 Cytokeratin 19 expression levels in lymph nodes were correlated with the stage and grades of tumor and status of ER, and a significant difference was observed between normal and cancer samples. 45 A strong relationship has been observed between increased E-Cadherin expression and development of nodal metastases and shorter time to recurrence when compared with BC tumors without E-Cadherin expression. 46 Differences in proteins exist in the secreted vesicles in malignant and benign tumors (secretomes).…”

“…Numerous studies that attempted to derive various biomarkers are integrated under different sections of the review. Such publications of biomarkers are discussed which include proteome markers of drug resistance, 21 identifiers of radiotherapy response, 29 metabolic tissue markers for disease for screening and diagnosis, 30 phosphoproteome-based signaling cascade identifiers for an aggressive disease type, 19 biomarkers from archival samples for prediction of overall survival, 31 protein markers of benign mammogram findings, 32 androgen receptors as diagnosis markers, 33 serum metabolomic fingerprinting, 5 novel volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in urine as biomarkers for diagnosis, 34,35 overall survival predictors and immune phenotype related biomarkers, 36 lymph node markers to flag metastasis, 37 interactive marginal tissue biomarkers regulating neoplasm, 38 markers for diagnosis through rapid lipid profiling, 39 endocrine therapy resistance identifiers like aromatase inhibitor resistance (promoted by a RNA DIO3OS), 40 glycan-profile-based markers, 41 specific progression markers, 42 plasma proteome-based prognostic markers, 43 epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers, 44 extracellular matrix (ECM) markers like cytokeratin-19, 45 E-cadherin gene expression as metastasis indicators, 46 predictive biomarkers for immunotherapy, 47 retrospective investigation panels based on drug responses and metastasis, 48 tumor microenvironment related target markers implicated in evasion of immunity and drug evasion strategies, 49 extracellular vesicle-based biomarkers for expansion of liquid biopsies, 50 drug resistance linked to tissue environment like hypoxia in BC tumors, 51 proteome signatures of drug resistance in BC cells, 52 biomarkers of invasive ductal carcinoma as novel phenotypes and better classifiers of disease, 53 heterogeneity panel identifiers in subtypes, 54 additional markers for disease subtype conforming to conventional subtypes, 55 glycan biomarkers, 56 and progression identifiers through the salivary ...…”