Diagnostic of Drowning in Forensic Medicine

Farrugia, Audrey; Ludes, Bertrand

doi:10.5772/19234

Cited by 21 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Unfortunately, in veterinary literature, only few studies have investigated the macroscopic and microscopic changes following accidental and nonaccidental drowning (3, 23). Overall, the most common injuries observed in drowning cases are located at the respiratory and cardiac level and include pulmonary congestion, pulmonary oedema and pulmonary hemorrhage, foam in the trachea, mouth and nasal cavity, right ventricular distention and drowning medium into the stomach (3, 5, 24–27). Similarly, in our study, the macroscopic and histological examinations of the animals in group A allowed us to observe the same classical injuries of drowning previously described in the human and veterinary literature, such as pulmonary congestion, pulmonary oedema and right ventricular distention (3).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These findings suggested a low contribution of necropsy and histological techniques in determining the final cause of death in drowning cases. Indeed, as highlighted frequently in human forensic pathology, these injuries, although characteristic of drowning, are not conclusive because they can be detected during autopsies of cadavers dead for causes other than drowning (5). For example, pulmonary oedema or pulmonary hemorrhage as well as right ventricular distention can be observed in a broad range of diseases, such as allergic reactions, neurological diseases, acute kidney diseases or hearth diseases (28–30).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Diagnosis of Drowning and the Value of the Diatom Test in Veterinary Forensic Pathology

et al. 2019

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The detection of diatoms into the organs is considered an important “biological marker” for the diagnosis of drowning in human pathology, but it still has a high possibility for false positive results. The aims of this study were: (1) to evaluate the contribution of pathological examination in drowning cases and (2) to investigate the differences in the number and location of diatoms between animals who died in drowning and non-drowning conditions. For these purposes, 30 dead adult dogs were selected for the study and subdivided into five groups. The group A comprised six cadavers dead for drowning; the group B comprised six control animals; the groups C, D, and E comprised six animals dead for causes other than drowning and subsequently immersed in water for 24, 48, and 72 h, respectively. On each animal, a complete macroscopic and histological examination and diatom test were performed. Diatoms test and quantification were also performed on drowning mediums. Pathological findings of the animals in the group A showed pulmonary congestion, oedema, and hemorrages in the lung. However, similar injuries were also observed in control and experimentally submerged cadavers. In contrast, we observed a statistically differences between drowning animals and all experimentally submerged groups and control animals regarding diatom numbers recovered from organ tissue samples (p < 0.05). Therefore, these findings suggest that the number of diatoms may be used as a valid tool to differentiate animals who died in drowning and non-drowning conditions, even if the latter were found in an aquatic environment.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diagnosis of Drowning and the Value of the Diatom Test in Veterinary Forensic Pathology

et al. 2019

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“…It has been postulated that transfer of strontium from water into blood causes raises the strontium concentration in left ventricular blood, which can either be interpreted in its own right, or as a ratio to the strontium concentration in right ventricular blood [85]. In the case of freshwater drowning, the concentration of strontium in the water must be higher than the plasma concentration for the investigation to be of diagnostic utility [86].…”

Section: Accepted Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 99%

Postmortem biochemistry: Current applications

Belsey

Flanagan

2016

Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine

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The results of biochemical analyses in specimens obtained postmortem may aid death investigation when diabetic and alcoholic ketoacidosis is suspected, when death may have been the result of drowning, anaphylaxis, or involved a prolonged stress response such as hypothermia, and in the diagnosis of disease processes such as inflammation, early myocardial infarction, or sepsis. There is often cross-over with different disciplines, in particular with clinical and forensic toxicology, since some endogenous substances such as sodium chloride, potassium chloride, and insulin can be used as poisons. The interpretation of results is often complicated because of the likelihood of postmortem change in analyte concentration or activity, and proper interpretation must take into account all the available evidence. The unpredictability of postmortem changes means that use of biochemical measurements in time of death estimation has little value. The use of vitreous humour is beneficial for many analytes as the eye is in a physically protected environment, this medium may be less affected by autolysis or microbial metabolism than blood, and the assays can be performed with due precaution using standard clinical chemistry analysers. However, interpretation of results may not be straightforward because (i) defined reference ranges in life are often lacking, (ii) there is a dearth of knowledge regarding, for example, the speed of equilibration of many analytes between blood, vitreous humour, and other fluids that may be sampled, and (iii) the effects of post-mortem change are difficult to quantify because of the lack of control data. A major limitation is that postmortem vitreous glucose measurements are of no help in diagnosing antemortem hypoglycaemia.

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“…1 Kematian akibat tenggelam merupakan salah satu hal yang sulit di diagnosis dibidang ilmu kedokteran forensik, terutama bila korban yang ditemukan sudah dalam keadaan membusuk. 2,3 Pada keadaan membusuk pemeriksaan seringkali tidak menunjukkan tanda yang khas. Diagnosis tenggelam dapat dicapai setelah mempertimbangkan semua hasil pemeriksaan forensik meliputi pemeriksaan luar, pemeriksaan dalam, dan laboratorium.…”

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“…Diagnosis tenggelam dapat dicapai setelah mempertimbangkan semua hasil pemeriksaan forensik meliputi pemeriksaan luar, pemeriksaan dalam, dan laboratorium. 1,2 Menurut World Health Organization (WHO) 0,7% dari seluruh kematian didunia atau lebih dari 500.000 kematian setiap tahun disebabkan karena tenggelam. 4 Pada tahun 2004 diseluruh dunia terdapat 388.000 orang meninggal karena tenggelam, angka ini menempati urutan ke-3 kematian didunia akibat cedera tidak disengaja 5 dan menurut Global Burden of Disease (GBD) bahwa angka tersebut sebenarnya lebih kecil dibanding seluruh kematian akibat tenggelam yang disebabkan oleh banjir, kecelakaan transportasi laut, dan bencana lainnya.…”

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Gambaran Temuan Autopsi Kasus Tenggelam Di Blu Rsu Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Manado Periode Januari 2007 - Desember 2011

Wulur¹

2013

eCl

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Drowning is one of asphyxia caused by the entry of fluid into the respiratory tract. Approximately 0.7% of all deaths worldwide or more than 500,000 deaths each year are caused by drowning. Increased access to water is another risks factor for drowning. Manado is a city located on the seaboard and is a risk factor for drowning. The purpose of this research was to know the description of autopsy findings in drowning cases in Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou General Hospital Manado Period January 2007 - December 2011. The research method used was a descriptive retrospective using secondary data obtained from the Forensic Medicine Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou General Hospital Manado. Based on inclusion criteria, sample that gained was 15 cases. The highest incidence occurred in 2010. Based on the characteristics of case, obtained 80% for men and about 86.67% in the group of adults. Autopsy findings are mushroom-like mass (13.33%), women's hand wash (13.33%), cadaveric spasm (6.67%), foreign material in airways and gastrointestinal (93.33%), signs of asphyxia (100 %), lung secretion positive examination (100%), and sign of other violence (86.67%).Keywords: forensic medicine, autopsy findings, drowningAbstrak: Tenggelam merupakan salah satu jenis asfiksia yang disebabkan masuknya cairan kedalam saluran pernapasan. Sekitar 0,7% kematian di seluruh dunia atau lebih dari 500.000 kematian setiap tahun disebabkan karena tenggelam. Peningkatan akses terhadap air merupakan salah satu faktor risiko tenggelam. Manado merupakan kota yang terletak dipesisir pantai dan merupakan faktor risiko terjadinya tenggelam. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mengetahui Gambaran Temuan Autopsi Kasus Tenggelam di BLU RSU Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Manado Periode Januari 2007 - Desember 2011. Desain penelitian yang digunakan yaitu deskriptif retrospektif dengan menggunakan data sekunder yang diperoleh dari bagian Ilmu Kedokteran Forensik BLU RSU Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Manado. Kriteria inklusi yaitu kasus mati tenggelam yang diautopsi. Berdasarkan kriteria inklusi didapatkan sampel sebanyak 15 kasus. Insiden tertinggi terjadi pada tahun 2010. Berdasarkan karakteristik kasus, didapatkan 80% terjadi pada laki-laki dan sekitar 86,67% terjadi pada kelompok dewasa. Temuan autopsi yaitu mushroom-like mass (13,33%), washer women’s hand (13,33%), cadaveric spasm (6,67%), benda asing dalam saluran napas dan pencernaan (93,33%), tanda asfiksia (100%), pemeriksaan getah paru positif (100%), dan tanda kekerasan lain (86,67%).Kata Kunci: kedokteran forensik, temuan autopsi, tenggelam

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Diagnostic of Drowning in Forensic Medicine

Cited by 21 publications

References 31 publications

Diagnosis of Drowning and the Value of the Diatom Test in Veterinary Forensic Pathology

Diagnosis of Drowning and the Value of the Diatom Test in Veterinary Forensic Pathology

Postmortem biochemistry: Current applications

Gambaran Temuan Autopsi Kasus Tenggelam Di Blu Rsu Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Manado Periode Januari 2007 - Desember 2011

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