Diagnostic Ophthalmic Ultrasound for Radiologists

Kendall, Cynthia J.; Prager, Thomas C.; Cheng, Huang; Gombos, Dan S.; Tang, Rosa A.; Schiffman, Jade S.

doi:10.1016/j.nic.2015.05.001

Cited by 33 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Ultrasound is an important diagnostic resource for veterinary ophthalmology and provides relevant information for the detection of pathological conditions of the eyes of animals [4,19].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contrast-enhanced Ocular Ultrasonography in Brachycephalic Dogs

Abreu

Feliciano

Maronezi

et al. 2018

Acta Scientiae. Vet.

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Background: Contrast Enchantment Ultrasonography (CEUS) allows for detection of vascular flows that are difficult to detect with traditional methods. There were no reports found in the literature of the use of CEUS to evaluate the vascular pattern of the eye of brachycephalic dogs. The objective of this paper is to describe ultrasound findings observed in the eyes of healthy brachycephalic dogs subjected to CEUS.Materials, Methods & Results: Thirty adult brachycephalic dogs were subjected to physical, laboratorial, and ophthalmic examination. The eye structures were evaluated using CEUS after intravenous administration of Sonovue®. Contrast enhancement was seen in 52 eyes with a homogeneous and centrifugal filling pattern. Structures adequately enhanced consisted of the optic nerve, the retina-choroid-sclera complex (RCSC), and the ciliary body. The optic nerve was hyperenhanced and the other structures were isoenhanced. The wash-in time, peak enhancement time, and wash-out time were similar for both right and left eyes. Mean values and standard deviation were calculated for contrast wash-in time, peak enhancement time, and wash-out time in the optic nerve, RCSC, and ciliary body.Discussion: Ultrasound is an important diagnostic resource for veterinary ophthalmology and provides relevant information for the detection of pathological conditions of the eyes of animals. The contrast-enhanced ultrasound allows evaluation of tissues at the capillary level (macro and microcirculation), complementing the vascular ultrasound scan. This study brings original information on contrast-enhanced ultrasound findings for evaluation of eyes in dogs, creating novel diagnostic possibilities for the use of this imaging technique in veterinary ophthalmology. The vascular pattern identified in this study, with enhancement starting at the region of the optic nerve and retina, and then ciliary body (with the optic nerve as the most hyperenhanced structure) is consistent with the expected pattern for dogs without ophthalmic disorders. The posterior ciliary artery is primarily responsible for supplying the optic nerve, later irrigating the retina, lateral and medial segments of the ciliary body. Some works on the evaluation of orbital vascular pattern in humans report a significant variability on anatomical course of the ophthalmic artery and its branches. However, in our study, no significant variation was observed on vascular flow of dogs of different brachycephalic breeds. Retinal blood vessels consist of arteries and veins that emerge from the optic nerve region and from the choroid. Contrast enhancement at the region of the RCSC is justified by the presence of vessels from the choroid that are irrigated by posterior ciliary arteries and drained by vorticose veins, since this structure is responsible for the nutrition of the external portion of the retina. Wash-in, peak enhancement, and wash-out times were similar for right and left eyes owing to anatomical and physiological similarities in vascularization. The homogeneous contrast-filling pattern is of paramount importance, since it will allow differentiation of abnormalities in sick animals, such as partial or total loss of capillarization, which will cause heterogeneity or absence of capillary fill. It will also be important for early diagnosis and evaluation of vascular alterations, especially ischemic changes, especially glaucoma, intraocular neoplasm, progressive retina atrophy, and uveitis. CEUS gives relevant information about the vascular pattern of the eyes of brachycephalic dogs, and is a quick, non-invasive, and safe exam.

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“…Ultrasound is an important diagnostic resource for veterinary ophthalmology and provides relevant information for the detection of pathological conditions of the eyes of animals [4,19].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contrast-enhanced Ocular Ultrasonography in Brachycephalic Dogs

Abreu

Feliciano

Maronezi

et al. 2018

Acta Scientiae. Vet.

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“…The B‐scan (10 MHz) 2D ultrasound is commonly used for ocular imaging and has been a part of the diagnostic tool kit in ophthalmology for decades (Giglio & Sherman, ; Kendall et al, ; Mrochuk, ). It is able to distinguish between ocular structures such as the lens, choroid, retina, and sclera and to image and measure aberrations in the eye, such as tumors or retinal detachment.…”

Section: Imaging Retinoblastomamentioning

confidence: 99%

Retinoblastoma, the visible CNS tumor: A review

Dimaras

Corson

2018

J of Neuroscience Research

142

112

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The pediatric ocular cancer retinoblastoma is the only central nervous system (CNS) tumor readily observed without specialized equipment: it can be seen by, and in, the naked eye. This accessibility enables unique imaging modalities. Here, we review this cancer for a neuroscience audience, highlighting these clinical and research imaging options, including fundus imaging, optical coherence tomography, ultrasound, and magnetic resonance imaging. We also discuss the subtype of retinoblastoma driven by the MYCN oncogene more commonly associated with neuroblastoma, and consider trilateral retinoblastoma, in which an intracranial tumor arises along with ocular tumors in patients with germline RB1 gene mutations. Retinoblastoma research and clinical care can offer insights applicable to CNS malignancies, and also benefit from approaches developed elsewhere in the CNS.

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“…Ocular US is used at the bedside to diagnose many ophthalmic conditions, including intraocular or periorbital foreign bodies, globe rupture, hyphema, lens dislocation, lens subluxation, retinal detachment, retinal hemorrhage, vitreous detachment, vitreous hemorrhage, choroidal detachment, papilledema, increased intracranial pressure, neoplasms, and vascular disorders . The examination typically is conducted with a 7–15‐MHz, small‐footprint linear transducer coupled to the closed eyelid with a copious amount of gel to permit successful visualization without excessive pressure to the globe.…”

Section: Safety Considerations For Specific Pocus Examinationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diagnostic Ultrasound Safety Review for Point‐of‐Care Ultrasound Practitioners

Miller

Abo

Abramowicz

et al. 2019

J of Ultrasound Medicine

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Potential ultrasound exposure safety issues are reviewed, with guidance for prudent use of point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS). Safety assurance begins with the training of POCUS practitioners in the generation and interpretation of diagnostically valid and clinically relevant images. Sonographers themselves should minimize patient exposure in accordance with the as-low-as-reasonably-achievable principle, particularly for the safety of the eye, lung, and fetus. This practice entails the reduction of output indices or the exposure duration, consistent with the acquisition of diagnostically definitive images. Informed adoption of POCUS worldwide promises a reduction of ionizing radiation risks, enhanced cost-effectiveness, and prompt diagnoses for optimal patient care.

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Diagnostic Ophthalmic Ultrasound for Radiologists

Cited by 33 publications

References 35 publications

Contrast-enhanced Ocular Ultrasonography in Brachycephalic Dogs

Contrast-enhanced Ocular Ultrasonography in Brachycephalic Dogs

Retinoblastoma, the visible CNS tumor: A review

Diagnostic Ultrasound Safety Review for Point‐of‐Care Ultrasound Practitioners

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