Purpose This study aimed to compare contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS)
features of hepatic angiomyolipoma (HAML) and challenging cases of HCC, mainly
those with no hepatitis infection but also with a low level of AFP (non-viral
AFP- HCC).
Materials and Methods The study included pathologically confirmed HAMLs
and non-viral AFP- HCCs undergoing CEUS from 2012 to 2023. Sonovue (SV) CEUS and
Sonazoid (SZ) CEUS characteristics of the two groups were compared.
Results The study included 50 HAMLs (24% on SZ-CEUS) and 88 non-viral AFP-
HCCs (21.6% on SZ-CEUS). The CEUS characteristics on SZ-CEUS were similar to
those on SV-CEUS to a certain extent. HAMLs more frequently displayed no washout
and partial washout with partial no washout, so-called PWNW, in the late phase
and post-vascular phase, whereas HCCs more commonly exhibited mild washout. In
the post-vascular phase, all non-viral AFP- HCCs exhibited washout, thereby
facilitating differentiation from no-washoutHAMLs, superior to SV-CEUS, where
some non-viral AFP- HCCs still exhibited no washout in late phase that could not
be distinguished from HAMLs. It is noteworthy that PWNW was exclusively found in
nodules exhibiting hyper- and hypoechoic separation of the nodules, and hyper-
and hypoechoic separation of HAMLs in the post-vascular phase on SZ-CEUS
demonstrated PWNW more frequently compared to the late phase, which can
potentially help distinguish nodules with hyper- and hypoechoic separation as
either HAML or non-viral AFP- HCC. Conclusion: This study highlighted the
usefulness of SV- and SZ-CEUS for distinguishing HAML and non-viral AFP- HCC and
filled in existing gaps regarding the SZ-CEUS features of HAML.