Diagnostic, Predictive, and Prognostic Biomarkers in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) Management

Abstract

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Despite growing efforts for its early detection by screening populations at risk, the majority of lung cancer patients are still diagnosed in an advanced stage. The management of lung cancer has dramatically improved in the last decade and is no longer based on the “one-fits-all” paradigm or the general histological classification of non-small cell versus small cell lung cancer. Emerging options of targeted therapies and immunotherapies have shifted the management of lung cancer to a more personalized treatment approach, significantly influencing the clinical course and outcome of the disease. Molecular biomarkers have emerged as valuable tools in the prognosis and prediction of therapy response. In this review, we discuss the relevant biomarkers used in the clinical management of lung tumors, from diagnosis to prognosis. We also discuss promising new biomarkers, focusing on non-small cell lung cancer as the most abundant type of lung cancer.

Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Subunit 2 (CKS2) as a Prognostic Marker for Stages I–III Invasive Non-Mucinous Lung Adenocarcinoma and Its Role in Affecting Drug Sensitivity

“…According to the available literature [ 8 ], the various tissue subtypes were classified into three categories by their prognostic ability: LEP cluster, PAP/ACI cluster, and SOL/MIP/CRI cluster. The differences in the CKS2 expression among these three clusters were analyzed using the TCGA data and immunohistochemical scores.…”

“…In addition, the Cribriform (CRI) structure is a special subtype with a poor prognosis. The majority of NSCLC patients have progressed to an advanced stage at diagnosis, in which the patients have usually developed lymph node metastasis or even distant organ metastasis, and thereby their prognosis is dismal [ 8 ]. Despite recent advances in medical technology, there is still a lack of reliable indicators with clinical significance for LUAD patients.…”

Oxidative Stress-Related lncRNAs Are Potential Biomarkers for Predicting Prognosis and Immune Responses in Patients With LUAD

“…Lung adenocarcinoma is the most common type of lung cancer and is distinguished from other lung tumors by its unique cellular and molecular features ( Zappa and Mousa, 2016 ; Sainz de Aja et al, 2021 ). LUAD has a high degree of malignancy and a lack of early diagnosis methods, which also leads to an inferior prognosis of LUAD, that is, the 5-year survival rate of patients is often less than 15% ( Spella and Stathopoulos, 2021 ; Šutić et al, 2021 ). Therefore, a deeper understanding of the occurrence and development mechanism of LUAD and the search for more accurate diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers are of great significance.…”

Comparison of two next-generation sequencing-based approaches for liquid biopsy analysis in patients with non-small cell lung cancer: a multicentre study

“…In the era of personalised medicine, scores of predictive biomarkers for patients with lung cancer clinical stratification have been assessed in recent years 1–4. In this regard, international associations for cancer research have established a panel of must-test genes to identify the eligibility of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) for biomarker-targeted treatments 5.…”