Diagnostic Reference Levels for Common X-ray Procedures in Peru

Abstract

Diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) for X-ray procedures have been established in many countries since 1996. In Peru, data from the literature are used as guidelines as DRLs research is limited. The objective of this study is to analyze the parameters and variables which are used in radiological techniques such as kV, mAs, and type of machine (conventional or digital); study the geographical distribution of radiological X-ray machines, and establish DRLs in Peru. Two radiological procedures were considered, general X-rays (fixed and mobile) and intraoral X-rays (fixed, mobile, and portable). An Unfors RaySafe Xi detector (Unfors RaySafe AB, Billdal, Sweden) was used; air kerma was measured at a source to image distance that varied depending on the procedure, and the entrance skin dose was subsequently calculated using the Arcal XLIX formalism. The data were collected over a period of three years (2015)(2016)(2017). Only results from the last evaluation during this period were taken into consideration for each X-ray machine. DRLs were calculated at 0.21 mSv, and 0.25 mSv for posterior-anterior chest examinations in conventional and digital machines, respectively; 4.39 mSv and 6.01 mSv for conventional and digital antero-posterior lumbar spine examinations, respectively; and at 4.21 mSv for the dental intraoral procedure. The largest amount of X-ray machines is concentrated in the city of Lima. These results reflect the standard of practice in Peru.

Assessment of Regional Diagnostic Reference Levels in Dental Radiography in Tamil Nadu

“…Comparison of the third quartile value of K a, i for the intraoral procedure, with the other countries' DRLs [ Table 3 ], reveals that the values obtained in this study are close to values obtained in studies in Japan[ 13 ] (1.51 mGy) and Germany[ 14 ] (1.5 mGy), and lower than values obtained in Cyprus[ 21 ] (4.75 mGy), Korea[ 22 ] (3.1 mGy), and Peru[ 23 ] (4.21 mGy). The vast use of fast-speed films and digital detectors may also have contributed to the lower DRLs in the present study.…”

Experimental Evaluation of Optimization in Cr and Dr Digital Radiography Systems: A Study with Anthropomorphic Phantom

“…Incident air kerma (INAK) is the KAR obtained with the radiation detector at a distance of 20cm representing the phantom surface [11].…”

“…In the literature, no material was found that classifies a visual scale to validate the quality assessment of anteroposterior (AP) pelvic examinations, as mentioned in the article by Mraity HAAB et al Therefore, in this study, we quantitatively evaluated the quality using descriptors such as signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and its relationships. The software ImageJ was employed to obtain these values through Regions Of Interest (ROI) analysis [11].…”

Otimização da técnica de exposição para exames radiográficos de pelve em sistemas de Radiologia Computadorizada (RC)

“…KERMA no ar incidente obtido com a câmara de ionização na distância de 20cm representando a superfície do fantoma e BSF é o fator retroespalhamento (do inglês backscatter factor). Utilizou-se o valor de 1,4, adequado para os valores de tensão do estudo, conforme o formalismo Arcal XLIX(PORTOCARRERO et al, 2021).A qualidade das imagens foi avaliada por meio de um software de domínio público, ImageJ(WAYNE, 2022). Para determinar entre as regiões de interesse (do inglês -regions of interest -ROI) o sinal e o ruído das imagens obtidas, foram posicionados na imagem 6 ROIs para cada técnica.O primeiro centralizado no Osso Sacro (S1), o segundo na Asa Ilíaca Direita, o terceiro na Asa Ilíaca…”