Diagnostic Relevance of Ferrokinetic Laboratory Markers in Anemic Pregnant Women

Abstract

Objectives: Different forms of anemia are considered as the most frequent complication of the gestational period. By its etiology, pathogenesis, and clinical hematology, it is not a single disease. Among all forms of anemia occurring during pregnancy, iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is the most common, accounting for 80-95% of all cases. Design: The article describes a theoretical basis for the diagnosis of the anemic syndrome among pregnant women, the determining factors of its development, and the diagnostic methods at different gestational periods. Participants/Materials, Setting, and Methods: Diagnostic and prognostic values of iron balance indicators in the body were established for IDA during pregnancy to improve the outcome of childbirth. A total of 140 anemic patients were examined. The control group consisted of 50 pregnant women without anemia and other significant health problems, 48 IDA pregnant women, and 42 pregnant women with anemia caused by various chronic diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis. All patients of the main and control groups were registered on clinical records at the Family Planning Center in Aktobe city, Kazakhstan. Results: Ferrokinetic indicators were suggested for diagnosing IDA and anemia of chronic diseases. It was established that IDA is characterized by low ferritin levels during gestation, while increased ferritin and C-reactive protein are typical for anemia of chronic diseases. Limitations: Differential diagnostics was applied for pregnant women with IDA and anemia of chronic diseases to observe the dynamics of serum ferritin and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels at different gestational periods. The article presents the results of a study on ferrokinetics in pregnant women with IDA and anemia caused by inflammation or chronic diseases. Other causes of anemia leading to a decrease in hemoglobin (Hb) levels to <90 g/L include hemoglobinopathies, which were not considered in this study. Conclusions: Determination of iron deficiency in pregnant women at different gestational periods will allow for identifying the risk group of anemic patients and deciding on the treatment. IDA (Hb <100 g/L) can be effectively measured by ferritin level <15 ng/mL, iron level of <11.5 μmol/L, and transferrin level >2.6 mg/L at p < 0.001. Anemia due to chronic diseases (Hb <100 g/L) can be effectively diagnosed with ferritin above 15 μg/L and CRP above 10 mg/L at p < 0.001.

The effectiveness of non-invasive prenatal test technology and the prenatal screening algorithm based on various methods for determining foetal aneuploidy

“…CVS allows for cytogenetic diagnostics of the fetus in the first trimester, at 11-12 weeks. However, due to the phenomenon of confined placental mosaicism, the result of the study may be inconclusive, which requires a secondary invasive intervention ( 34 , 35 ).…”

Study of the influence of the biochemical composition of the human native ejaculate on the preservation of the male gametes’ activity after the application of cryopreservation technology

“…This ratio is quite high in fertile men, which is evidence of the existence of an aerobic phenotype of ejaculate in normal concentrations, as a real combination of germ cells and seminal fluid. As for infertile men, the value of this parameter is significantly reduced, which is clear evidence of the transition of pyridine-type nucleotides as a key interface of metabolic processes directly to a super-reduced state, corresponding to anaerobic inversion of oxidation processes, as well as maladaptation of the metabolic process in the body as a whole [19–22] . Currently, one of the most urgent problems in reproductive medicine and embryology is the search for agents that positively affect spermatozoa motility and can increase their overall resistance to external damaging factors.…”

Foley Catheter Tourniquet for Uncontrollable Extra-Uterine Placental Hemorrhage: Description of a Novel Surgical Technique

“…Our experience concurs with reports [1] that advanced extrauterine pregnancy is frequently missed on routine ultrasound scan as the ultrasonographer tends to focus on the contents of the gestational sac, and the empty uterus outside the sac is sometimes not obvious on transabdominal scan unless specifically sought. Clinical signs may be non-specific, such as chronic abdominal pain and anemia [9] unrelated to the more usual causes [10, 11]. A high index of suspicion by the clinician and sonographer as well as close correlation with clinical findings is therefore critical for diagnosis.…”