Diagnostic tools in childhood malaria

Amir, Amirah; Cheong, Fei Wen; Silva, Jeremy Ryan De; Lau, Yee Ling

doi:10.1186/s13071-018-2617-y

Cited by 48 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 103 publications

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“…2 ) [ 22 , 23 ]. Reports show that HRP2 gene deletion in endemic areas, lead to absence of HRP2 antigens causing negative result with RDT [ 24 ]. However WHO, making a pronouncement on the issue of HRP2 genetic causing false negative RDT result, stated that HRP2 gene deletion might not be the main cause of false negative but rather malfunctioning RDTs due to poor storage and transport condition, operator errors and poor quality RDTs [ 25 ].…”

Section: Main Textmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interpreting rapid diagnostic test (RDT) for Plasmodium falciparum

2018

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ObjectiveRapid diagnostic tests have been of tremendous help in malaria control in endemic areas, helping in diagnosis and treatment of malaria cases. It is heavily relied upon in many endemic areas where microscopy cannot be obtained. However, caution should be taken in the interpretation of its result in clinical setting due to its limitations and inherent weakness. This paper seeks to present the varying malaria RDT test results, the possible interpretations and explanation of these results common in endemic regions. Published works on malaria RDT studies were identified using the following search terms “malaria RDT in endemic areas”, “Plasmodium falciparum and bacterial coinfection” “Plasmodium falciparum RDT test results in children in endemic areas” in Google Scholar and PubMed.ResultsThe review results show that RDT positive results in febrile patients can either be true or false positive. True positive, representing either a possible single infection of Plasmodium or a co-infection of bacteria and P. falciparum. False RDT negative results can be seen in febrile patient with P. falciparum infection in prozone effect, Histidine rich protein 2 (HRP2) gene deletion and faulty RDT kits. Hence, a scale up of laboratory facilities especially expert microscopy and other diagnostic tools is imperative.

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Section: Main Textmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interpreting rapid diagnostic test (RDT) for Plasmodium falciparum

2018

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“…Currently, several types of malaria diagnostic methods are available including light microscopy, rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. In Malaysia, light microscopy examination of blood slides is the primary method in malaria diagnosis [ 17 , 18 ]. This method remains the gold standard for malaria diagnosis and has clear advantages; it is inexpensive and allows for identification and quantification of malaria species [ 19 , 20 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Malaria distribution and performance of malaria diagnostic methods in Malaysia (1980–2019): a systematic review

Rahim

Munajat

Idris

2020

Malar J

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Background Malaysia has already achieved remarkable accomplishments in reaching zero indigenous human malaria cases in 2018. Prompt malaria diagnosis, surveillance and treatment played a key role in the country’s elimination success. Looking at the dynamics of malaria distribution during the last decades might provide important information regarding the potential challenges of such an elimination strategy. This study was performed to gather all data available in term of prevalence or incidence on Plasmodium infections in Malaysia over the last four decades. Methods A systematic review of the published English literature was conducted to identify malaria distribution from 1980 to June 2019 in Malaysia. Two investigators independently extracted data from PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Elsevier databases for original papers. Results The review identified 46 epidemiological studies in Malaysia over the 39-year study period, on which sufficient information was available. The majority of studies were conducted in Malaysia Borneo (31/46; 67.4%), followed by Peninsular Malaysia (13/46; 28.3%) and in both areas (2/46; 4.3%). More than half of all studies (28/46; 60.9%) were assessed by both microscopy and PCR. Furthermore, there was a clear trend of decreases of all human malaria species with increasing Plasmodium knowlesi incidence rate throughout the year of sampling period. The summary estimates of sensitivity were higher for P. knowlesi than other Plasmodium species for both microscopy and PCR. Nevertheless, the specificities of summary estimates were similar for microscopy (40–43%), but varied for PCR (2–34%). Conclusions This study outlined the epidemiological changes in Plasmodium species distribution in Malaysia. Malaria cases shifted from predominantly caused by human malaria parasites to simian malaria parasites, which accounted for the majority of indigenous cases particularly in Malaysia Borneo. Therefore, malaria case notification and prompt malaria diagnosis in regions where health services are limited in Malaysia should be strengthened and reinforced to achieving the final goal of malaria elimination in the country.

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“…Previous studies revealed that higher historical forest loss could be one of the factors that signi cantly associated with higher incidence of P. knowlesi infection in Malaysia (12)(13)(14)(15)(16) Currently, several types of malaria diagnostic methods are available including light microscopy, rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. In Malaysia, light microscopy examination of blood slides is the primary method in malaria diagnosis (17,18). This method remains the gold standard for malaria diagnosis and has clear advantages which are inexpensive, allows identi cation and quanti cation of malaria species (19,20).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Malaria distribution and performance of malaria diagnostic methods in Malaysia (1980-2019): a systematic review

Rahim

Munajat

Idris

2020

Preprint

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Background: Malaysia has already achieved remarkable accomplishments in reaching zero indigenous human malaria cases in 2018. Prompt malaria diagnosis, surveillance and treatment played a key role in the country’s elimination success. Looking at the dynamics of malaria distribution during the last decades might provide important information regarding the potential challenges of such an elimination strategy. This study was performed to gather all data available in term of prevalence or incidence on Plasmodium infections in Malaysia over the last four decades. Methods: A systematic review of the published English literature was conducted to identify malaria distribution from 1980 to June 2019 in Malaysia. Two investigators independently extracted data from PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Elsevier databases for original papers.Results: The review identified 46 epidemiological studies in Malaysia over the 39-year study period, on which sufficient information was available. The majority of studies were conducted in Malaysia Borneo (31/46; 67.4%), followed by Peninsular Malaysia (13/46; 28.3%) and in both areas (2/46; 4.3%). More than half of all studies (28/46; 60.9%) were assessed by both microscopy and PCR. Furthermore, there was a clear trend of decreases of all human malaria species with increasing P. knowlesi cases throughout the year of sampling period. The summary estimates of sensitivity were higher for P. knowlesi than other malaria species for both microscopy and PCR. Nevertheless, the specificities of summary estimates were similar for microscopy (40 – 43%) but varied for PCR (2 – 34%).Conclusions: This study outlined the epidemiological changes in Plasmodium species distribution in Malaysia. Malaria cases shifted from predominantly caused by human malaria to simian malaria, which accounted for the majority of indigenous cases particularly in Malaysia Borneo. Therefore, malaria case notification and prompt malaria diagnosis in regions where health services are limited in Malaysia should be strengthened and reinforced to achieving the final goal of malaria elimination in the country.

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Diagnostic tools in childhood malaria

Cited by 48 publications

References 103 publications

Interpreting rapid diagnostic test (RDT) for Plasmodium falciparum

Interpreting rapid diagnostic test (RDT) for Plasmodium falciparum

Malaria distribution and performance of malaria diagnostic methods in Malaysia (1980–2019): a systematic review

Malaria distribution and performance of malaria diagnostic methods in Malaysia (1980-2019): a systematic review

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