Diagnostic value of selected markers and apoptotic pathways for pancreatic cancer

Abstract

Pancreatic cancer occupies the fourth place as a cause of death from cancer, and the mortality rate is similar to the number of newly detected cases. Due to the late diagnosis, only 5-6% of patients with pancreatic cancer survive for five years. Given that early diagnosis is critical for improving patients’ survival rates, there is an urgent need for the discovery and validation of new biomarkers with sufficient sensitivity and specificity to help diagnose pancreatic cancer early. Detection of serum tumor markers (CA19-9, CEA, CA125 and CA242) is conducive to the early diagnosis of pancreatic cancer. The combination of miR-16, miR-196a and CA19-9 plasma level was more effective, especially in early tumor screening. Furthermore, recent studies reported that mainly miR-21, miR-155 and miR-196 were dysregulated in IPMN (intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms) and PanIN (pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia) lesions, suggesting their usefulness as early biomarkers of these diseases. The reduced rate of apoptosis plays a crucial role in carcinogenesis, and it is one of the most important characteristics acquired by pancreatic cancer cells, which protects them from attack by the immune system and reduces the effectiveness of pharmacological treatment. This review summarizes the data concerning the clinical utility of selected biomarkers in pancreatic cancer patients. The review mainly focuses on the genetic aspects of signaling pathway disorders associated with apoptosis in the pathogenesis and diagnosis of pancreatic cancer.

Development of a 21-miRNA Signature Associated With the Prognosis of Patients With Bladder Cancer

“…Micro ribonuclease acids (miRNAs), micro, non-coding RNAs of length 20–25 nt, are members of hairpin structure precursors, which are capable of interacting with the 3' non-coding region of the target mRNAs. miRNA plays an important role in post-transcriptional regulation of eukaryotic gene expression, which is crucial to cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, apoptosis, and regulation of cell cycle (3–5). At present, numerous studies have demonstrated that miRNAs could be treated as diagnostic biomarkers for multiple cancers (6, 7), and researchers come to realize the importance of better understanding of the pathogenesis of BC and identification of the new prognostic biomarkers for BC (8).…”

Expression of chosen cell cycle and proliferation markers in pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia

“…According to the ACS, the morbidity of pancreatic cancer will equal around 53,670 and the mortality, about 43,090 in 2017 in the USA [ 1 ]. Thus, it is vital to study the biology of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma because it may contribute to better diagnostics and development of new, more efficient therapeutic methods [ 2 ]. Formulating the model of gradual progression of pancreatic cancer and proving that it develops from the precursor lesions, including the most frequent intraepithelial neoplasia of the pancreas, have become a significant step in the research into pancreatic cancer.…”

Prognostic Nutritional Index after Chemoradiotherapy Was the Strongest Prognostic Predictor among Biological and Conditional Factors in Localized Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Patients

“…In PDAC patients, it is widely recognized that CA 19-9 is a clinically useful biomarker for determining resectability, a prognostic marker after resection, and a predictive marker for response to chemotherapy [33,34]. In contrast, CEA has low sensitivity and specificity for diagnosing PDAC, although it is often used in combination with other tumor markers, such as CA 19-9 [35,36,37]. In patients who underwent pancreatectomy, a combination of preoperative CA 19-9 and CEA effectively improved the prognostic prediction.…”