Diagnostics and Treatments in Chronic Diarrhea and Weight Loss in Horses

Oliver-Espinosa, Olimpo

doi:10.1016/j.cveq.2017.11.011

Cited by 9 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…A number of factors that influence intestinal glucose absorption need to be considered when interpreting OGTT results, including gastric emptying, intestinal transit time, renal clearance, and intestinal epithelial transport activity. 20,26 OGTT results are best interpreted along with other test results, such as ultrasound and blood protein concentrations, in the diagnosis of GI disease. Altered OGTT has also been associated with normal intestinal histology.…”

Section: Special Considerations For Gi Biopsymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition to GI biopsy, findings that have been correlated with GI disease in the horse include: 1) hypoproteinemia and hypoalbuminemia, 2) ultrasound evidence of increased thickness of the small intestinal wall, and 3) alterations in glucose or D-xylose absorption tests. 26 Hypoproteinemia can suggest protein-losing enteropathy once other forms of protein loss have been ruled out, as well as intestinal malabsorption. 37 Protein loss can be associated with various changes, including mucosal inflammatory infiltrates, villus atrophy, altered epithelial permeability, and lymphangiectasia.…”

Section: Clinical Information For the Equine Patientmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Gastrointestinal biopsy in the horse: overview of collection, interpretation, and applications

Hostetter

Uzal

2022

J VET Diagn Invest

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Evaluation of gastrointestinal (GI) biopsies is a multistep process that includes reviewing an appropriate history, determining sample quality, and evaluating histologic sections. Selected diagnostic parameters that, in combination with intestinal histopathology, can be useful to localize disease to the intestinal tract in the horse include hypoproteinemia and hypoalbuminemia, ultrasound evidence of increased thickness of the small intestinal wall, and alterations in glucose or D-xylose absorption tests. Biopsies may be acquired either endoscopically, or via laparoscopy or standing flank incisional approaches. GI sections should be evaluated using a systematic approach that includes both architectural changes and inflammatory cell infiltrates. Although strategies have been developed for assessment of GI biopsies from the dog and cat, a standardized approach to interpretation of the equine GI biopsy has yet to be developed. GI biopsies pose several challenges to the pathologist, especially for endoscopic biopsies in which the quality of the specimen and its orientation may vary greatly. Architectural changes are arguably the most critical changes to evaluate. In a horse with chronic GI inflammation, such as occurs in idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), the cell types encountered frequently are macrophages, eosinophils, lymphocytes, and plasma cells. Increased numbers of these cell types are categorized loosely as mild, moderate, and severe. Specific forms of idiopathic IBD have been further classified by this infiltrate as granulomatous enteritis, eosinophilic enteritis, and lymphoplasmacytic enteritis; there is limited information on microscopic changes with each. Unfortunately, microscopic GI lesions are usually nonspecific, and determination of etiology requires further investigation.

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Section: Special Considerations For Gi Biopsymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Clinical Information For the Equine Patientmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gastrointestinal biopsy in the horse: overview of collection, interpretation, and applications

Hostetter

Uzal

2022

J VET Diagn Invest

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“…Occasionally lymphoadenopathy ¤ (Kalck, 2009). Abdominocentesis: Usually normal transudate in IBD (Kalck, 2009;Oliver-Espinosa, 2018). It may be altered in case of peritonitis, intra-abdominal neoplasia or abscess (Edwards et al, 2000;Oliver-Espinosa, 2018).…”

Section: Second Stepmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Fourth Stepmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Laparoscopy/Laparotomy: For collection of full-thickness intestinal samples (Kalck, 2009) May also help to exclude/confirm presence of intra-abdominal masses (Kalck, 2009;Lindberg et al, 1996;Oliver-Espinosa, 2018). V. Vitale cardiac diseases (Kaikkonen et al, 2014;Oliver-Espinosa, 2018). Horses with IBD may have a completely normal blood work, but more frequently they present with hypoproteinaemia due to hypoalbuminaemia that may be accompanied by reduced, normal or elevated globulin concentrations (Boshuizen et al, 2018;Kaikkonen et al, 2014;Metcalfe et al, 2013;Oliver-Espinosa, 2018).…”

Section: Fourth Stepmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Inflammatory bowel diseases in horses: What do we know?

Vitale

2021

Equine Veterinary Education

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Chronic inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are a group of gastrointestinal (GI) disorders described in both humans and animals, but unlike in other species, in horses they are poorly defined and there is a lack of standardisation of the method of diagnosis. Although there is an impellent need of consensus on the nomenclature, diagnostic work-up, diet, treatment and management of horses with a suspected IBD, the aim of this review is to give initial guidelines for practitioners dealing with suspected cases. It provides a summary of the most relevant literature on the topic and presents the current knowledge on the clinical signs, diagnostic work-up, treatment and prognosis of IBDs in horses. Granulomatous enteritis (GE)This was the first type of IBD described (Cimprich, 1974) and the most frequently reported in the past century (Lindberg

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Nutritional Considerations when Dealing with an Underweight Adult or Senior Horse

Jarvis¹,

McKenzie

2021

Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice

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Diagnostics and Treatments in Chronic Diarrhea and Weight Loss in Horses

Cited by 9 publications

References 49 publications

Gastrointestinal biopsy in the horse: overview of collection, interpretation, and applications

Gastrointestinal biopsy in the horse: overview of collection, interpretation, and applications

Inflammatory bowel diseases in horses: What do we know?

Nutritional Considerations when Dealing with an Underweight Adult or Senior Horse

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