An extensive body of literature discusses the disaffection of citizens with representative democracy and highlights increasing citizens' preferences for political decision-makers beyond elected politicians. But so far, little research has been conducted to analyse the relations between citizens' respective preferences and their political behaviour. To address this void in the literature, our article investigates the extent to which citizens' preferences for certain political decisionmakers (politicians, citizens or expert) have an impact on their retrospective and prospective political participation. Our analysis draws on data from a survey conducted in autumn of 2014 on a probability representative sample in Germany. Results indicate that respondents favouring politicians as decision-makers focus mainly on voting. Those who favour citizens as decisionmakers are more willing to get involved in participatory procedures, while those inclined towards expert decision-making show mixed participation.
Keywordsdemocracy, citizens' preferences, political decision-makers, political participation, Germany Accepted: 22 July 2016 Political scientists have examined the relations between political attitudes and actions for several decades (Almond and Verba, 1965;Bolzendahl and Coffé, 2013;Kinder and Sears, 1985), arguing that the two go in hand (Quintelier and Van Deth, 2014: 153). At the same time, citizens' disaffection with institutions and actors of representative democracy (Bengtsson, 2012;Dalton and Wattenberg, 2000;Font and Alarcón, 2011;Hibbing and Theiss-Morse, 2001;Norris, 2011) is leading to an increasing endorsement of political decision-makers beyond elected representatives. Some authors expect that these 'changing norms' might reinforce certain types of political action (Dalton, 2008: 78). But despite a rich debate in these fields, the question of how preferences for various political decisionmakers (politicians, citizens and experts) are linked with certain modes of political participation has just recently emerged.
25Social sciences have studied factors influencing citizens' political participation intensively. However, little is known whether and how their preferences, considering political decision-makers, are linked to their political involvement. Recently, more and more scholars are examining citizens' concepts of democracy as well as their preferences for certain political decision-making procedures or decision-makers. Yet these scholars were less interested in the effects of these preferences on citizens participation (Bengtsson and Christensen, 2014;Hibbing and Theiss-Morse, 2001). Our article aims to shed light on this connection and investigates how citizens' notions about who should make political decisions correlate with their involvement in different forms of retrospective and prospective participation. With this approach, the article bridges current debates on citizens' conceptions of democracy (Canache, 2012;Shin, 2015) with the established body of research on political participation....