Diamines and Higher Amines, Aliphatic

Abstract

The aliphatic diamine and higher amine family encompasses a wide range of multifunctional and multireactive compounds. The so‐called ethyleneamines family, which includes ethylenediamine and its homologues, the polyethylene polyamines, have found the broadest commercial application. Representative physical and chemical properties are given. Three main processes are used currently to produce the ethyleneamines: the reaction of ethylene dichloride with ammonia to produce the whole spectrum of ethyleneamine products; the reductive amination of monoethanolamine to produce the lighter ethyleneamines, mainly ethylenediamine; and the catalytic reaction of monoethanolamine with ethylenediamine to produce higher ethyleneamines. Worldwide capacity for ethyleneamines is about 295 t/yr. Typical specifications and test methods, storage and handling guidelines, and health and safety factors are discussed. This family of compounds finds use in a wide variety of applications by virtue of their unique combination of reactivity, basicity, and surface activity. With a few significant exceptions, they are used predominantly as intermediates in the production of functional products. Significant applications include fungicides, lubricant and fuel additives, epoxy curing agents, polyamide resins, paper resins, and chelates.

Calcium, Strontium, and Barium Acetylides—New Evidence for Bending in the Structures of Heavy Alkaline Earth Metal Derivatives

“…[1±3] Most of the known examples are high-pressure phases like the rutile-type SiO 2 modification stishovite, the perovskite-analogous (Mg,Fe)SiO 3 , which is found in the deeper crust of the earth, or hollandite-analogous CaAl 2 -Si 2 O 8 . [2] At lower pressure several silicates are accessible that contain SiO 6 octahedra and SiO 4 tetrahedra (e.g. K 2 Si 4 O 9 , [4] BaSi 4 O 9 , [5] and Na 1.8 Ca 1.1 Si 6 O 14 [6] ).…”

“…[1,2] In contrast, information about beryllium, calcium, strontium, and barium analogues is scarce. [1c, 2, 3] Organo-other hand, the higher ammonia concentration at the surface favors the fast addition of ammonia to the aldehyde-type intermediates, and suppresses the reaction of the alcoholic OH group with the intermediate or product amines that leads to dimerization products.…”