“…For the chemical approaches, separation property of GO membranes can be adjusted by changing GO membranes structure through reducing GO membrane [ 6 , 24 , 97 , 98 , 99 , 100 , 101 , 102 , 103 , 104 , 105 , 106 , 107 , 108 , 109 ] or intercalating chemical groups such as copper hydroxide nanostrands (CHNs) [ 88 ], diamine monomers [ 59 , 110 , 111 ], dicarboxylic acids with different chain lengths [ 112 ], 1,3,5-benzenetricarbonyl trichloride (TMC) [ 26 ], or soft polymer chains such as poly-(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) [ 113 ] and PDI [ 27 ] into GO membranes via covalently cross-linking or electrostatic interactions using the oxygenated functional groups on GO nanosheets, or introducing in-plane nanopores on GO nanosheets [ 114 ], or functionalizing GO sheets using one-step carboxylation via nucleophilic substitution reaction [ 115 ]. A study conducted by Shen et al [ 24 ] demonstrated a facile thermal annealing method for finely adjusting the transport channel of GO membranes by controllably removing oxygenated functional groups on GO sheets, as shown in Figure 7 a. Subnanometer inter-layer spacing within GO membranes could be created by this method and highly-selective gas transport properties can be obtained accordingly.…”