Diarrhetic shellfish toxins

Yasumoto, Takeshi; Murata, Michio; Oshima, Yasukatsu; Sano, Masaki; Matsumoto, Gayle K.; Clardy, Jon

doi:10.1016/s0040-4020(01)96469-5

Cited by 616 publications

(372 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…This relationship, originally used to describe the prey-predator interactions between heterotrophic nanoflagellates and bacteria (Tanaka et al 1997), was recently described for D. acuminata and M. rubrum in Japan (Ishikawa et al 2014). Although the abundance of D. acuminata complex cells was relatively low in the present study (maximum 310 cells L -1 ), they may produce large levels of toxin, so cell densities as low as 100-200 cells L -1 may be sufficient to cause hazardous outbreaks in human consumers of contaminated bivalves (Yasumoto et al 1985). In addition, diarrheic shellfish toxins may also cause immunotoxicity, genotoxicity and cytotoxicity to many cell types (reviewed in Valdiglesias et al 2013), and even tumour formation upon chronic exposure (Fujiki and Suganuma 2009).…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 53%

Primary productivity and phytoplankton dynamics in a subtropical estuary: a multiple timescale approach

et al. 2016

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Summary:Temporal variability of physicochemical parameters and phytoplankton primary productivity, abundance and composition were investigated at Babitonga Bay, southern Brazil, using a hierarchical sampling design on the scales of months, weeks and days during spring 2012 and summer 2013. Only temperature, respiration rates and concentrations of dissolved oxygen and silicate exhibited significant differences in the greatest timescale (seasons: spring; summer). In contrast, most physicochemical parameters, such as salinity and the concentration of nitrogen compounds, varied mainly among weeks and days. This short-scale variability was similarly observed for the microphytoplankton abundance, ranging from 0.04 to 1.7×10 6 cells L -1 during a bloom of the diatom Skeletonema costatum. Two major phytoplankton assemblages were associated with high primary production rates: >30 μm centric diatoms such as Cyclotella spp. and Cymatodiscus sp., in spring; and a summer assemblage dominated by smaller, bloom-forming diatoms (S. costatum and Eucampia cornuta). Primary production ranged from 10.5 to 1793 mg C m -2 d -1 and varied significantly between days and months, being associated with the photosynthetic active radiation level and weather conditions on the sampling day. Abundance of specific plankton taxa appeared controlled by trophic interactions, as revealed for the mixotrophic, toxic dinoflagellate Dinophysis acuminata complex and its prey, the ciliate Mesodinium rubrum.Keywords: primary production; phytoplankton; physicochemical parameters; temporal variability; different time scales; Babitonga Bay; Dinophysis acuminata.Producción primaria y dinámica del fitoplancton en un estuario subtropical: un enfoque múltiple de escalas de tiempo Resumen: Se investigaron la variabilidad temporal de los parámetros físico-químicos y la producción primaria (PP), abundancia y composición del fitoplancton en la Bahía de Babitonga, sur de Brasil, utilizando un diseño de muestreo jerárquico en las escalas de meses, semanas y días, durante la primavera/2012 y verano/2013. Sólo la temperatura, las tasas de respiración y las concentraciones de oxígeno disuelto y silicato mostraron diferencias significativas en las escalas de tiempo mayores (estaciones: primavera; verano). En contraste, la mayoría de los parámetros fisicoquímicos, tales como la salinidad y la concentración de compuestos de nitrógeno, varió principalmente entre semana y días. Tal variabilidad de corta escala se observó de manera similar para la abundancia de microfitoplancton, oscilando desde 0,04 a 1.7×10 6 céls. L -1 durante una floración de la diatomea Skeletonema costatum. Se asociaron dos importantes grupos de fitoplancton con altas tasas de PP: diatomeas céntricas >30 μm como Cyclotella spp. y Cymatodiscus sp., en primavera; y un grupo de verano dominado por pequeñas diatomeas formadoras de floraciones (S. costatum y Eucampia cornuta). La PP varió de 10.5 a 1793 mg C m -2 d -1 y varió significativamente entre días y meses, siendo asociada con el nivel de radiación fot...

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 53%

Primary productivity and phytoplankton dynamics in a subtropical estuary: a multiple timescale approach

et al. 2016

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“…Somewhat surprisingly, spirolides A, B, C, D, and G were completely absent. Several species of the genus are believed to produce the dinophysistoxins (DTXs) [15], and okadaic acid and pectenotoxins (PTXs) [16,17], believed to originate from the planktonic dinoflagellate genus Dinophysis. These toxins are often collectively (and erroneously in the case of pectenotoxins) associated with the diarrheic shellfish poisoning (DSP) syndrome.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

LC-MS-MS aboard ship: tandem mass spectrometry in the search for phycotoxins and novel toxigenic plankton from the North Sea

et al. 2008

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Phycotoxins produced by various species of toxigenic microalgae occurring in the plankton are a global threat to the security of seafood resources and the health of humans and coastal marine ecosystems. This has necessitated the development and application of advanced methods in liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS) for monitoring of these compounds, particularly in plankton and shellfish. Most such chemical analyses are conducted in land-based laboratories on stored samples, and thus much information on the near real-time biogeographical distribution and dynamics of phycotoxins in the plankton is unavailable. To resolve this problem, we conducted shipboard analysis of a broad spectrum of phycotoxins collected directly from the water column on an oceanographic cruise along the North Sea coast of Scotland, Norway, and Denmark. We equipped the ship with a triple-quadrupole linear ion-trap hybrid LC-MS-MS system for detection and quantitative analysis of toxins, such as domoic acid, gymnodimine, spirolides, dinophysistoxins, okadaic acid, pectenotoxins, yessotoxins, and azaspiracids (AZAs). We focused particular attention on the detection of AZAs, a group of potent nitrogenous polyether toxins, because the culprit species associated with the occurrence of these toxins in shellfish has been controversial. Marine toxins were analyzed directly from size-fractionated plankton net tows (20 μm mesh size) and Niskin bottle samples from discrete depths, after rapid methanolic extraction but without any further clean-up. Almost all expected phycotoxins were detected in North Sea plankton samples, with domoic acid and 20-methylspirolide G being most abundant. Although AZA was the least abundant of these toxins, the high sensitivity of the LC-MS-MS enabled detailed quantification, indicating that the highest amounts of AZA-1 were present in the southern Skagerrak in the 3-20 μm sizefraction. The direct on-board toxin measurements enabled isolation of plankton from stations with high AZA-1 levels and from the most suspicious size-fraction, i.e. most likely to contain the AZA-producer. A large number (>100) of crude cultures were established by serial dilution and later screened for the presence of AZAs after several weeks growth. From one crude culture containing AZA, a small dinoflagellate was subsequently isolated and brought into pure culture. We have thus proved that even sophisticated mass spectrometers can be operated in ship laboratories without any limitation caused by vibrations of the ship's engine or by wave movement during heavy seas at wind forces up to nine Beaufort. On-board LC-MS-MS is a valuable method for near real-time analysis of phycotoxins in plankton for studies on bloom dynamics and the fate of toxins in the food web, and for characterization and isolation of putatively toxigenic organisms.

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“…According to their chemical structure, the DSP toxins can be divided into (1) okadaic acid (OA) and its derivatives dinophysistoxins (DTX) (Murakami et al 1982;Murata et al 1982;Yasumoto et al 1985), (2) pectenotoxins (PTX) (Yasumoto et al 1985;Draisci et al 1996, and references therein), and (3) yessotoxin (Murata et al 1987). These toxins have been shown to cause acute gastrointestinal illness in humans, in addition to which they are cytotoxic, hepatotoxic, and tumor-promoting agents (Yasumoto et al 1985;Van Egmont et al 1993).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These toxins have been shown to cause acute gastrointestinal illness in humans, in addition to which they are cytotoxic, hepatotoxic, and tumor-promoting agents (Yasumoto et al 1985;Van Egmont et al 1993).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Pectenotoxin-2 and dinophysistoxin-1 in suspended and sedimenting organic matter in the Baltic Sea

et al. 2006

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Dinophysis acuminata, D. norvegica, and D. rotundata occur regularly in the Baltic Sea summer plankton. They are known to produce diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) toxins in coastal areas worldwide, but so far, evidence from the Baltic Sea is scarce, and the fate and transfer of their toxins in the ecosystem is poorly known. Occurrence of Dinophysis and DSP toxins was studied on the southwest coast of Finland in late July-September 2004 by sampling the water column down to the thermocline. DSP toxin profiles were analyzed using highperformance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry from the thermocline sample from material collected with a sediment trap. Maximum abundances of D. acuminata (7,280 cells L 21 ) and D. rotundata (880 cells L 21 ) were above the thermocline, but D. norvegica (maximum 200 cells L 21 ) was most abundant in the thermocline region. Pectenotoxin-2 (PTX-2) was found during the entire study period. Cellular PTX-2 content in Dinophysis varied between 1.6 and 19.9 pg PTX-2 cell 21 . Dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX-1) was found in samples after mid-August in concentrations ranging from 0.2 to 149 pg DTX-1 cell 21 . PTX-2 and DTX-1 were found in all sediment trap samples. The estimated sedimentation rate of PTX-2 was 0 to 15.4 ng m 22 d 21 and DTX-1 0 to 190 ng m 22 d 21 , corresponding ,0.01% of PTX-2 and 1% of DTX-1 of the integrated water column DSP pool during a 6-week period. Sedimenting organic matter did not contain intact Dinophysis cells, but copepod fecal pellets found in the sediment traps indicated that fecal pellets are the major pathway of DSP toxins to the bottom. The major fraction of the PTX-2 and DTX-1 was either decomposed in the water column or transferred to higher trophic levels in the planktonic food chain.

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Diarrhetic shellfish toxins

Cited by 616 publications

References 13 publications

Primary productivity and phytoplankton dynamics in a subtropical estuary: a multiple timescale approach

Primary productivity and phytoplankton dynamics in a subtropical estuary: a multiple timescale approach

LC-MS-MS aboard ship: tandem mass spectrometry in the search for phycotoxins and novel toxigenic plankton from the North Sea

Pectenotoxin-2 and dinophysistoxin-1 in suspended and sedimenting organic matter in the Baltic Sea

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