Diatomaceous Earth Filtration of <i>Giardia</i> Cysts and Other Substances

Langé, Kelly P.; Bellamy, William D.; Hendricks, David W.; Logsdon, Gary S.

doi:10.1002/j.1551-8833.1986.tb05682.x

Cited by 23 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…It has been in use in England, Germany and the eastern United States since the 1800s (Hazen 1913, Bellamy et al 1985. Sand and other substances such as diatomaceous earth are effective media for filtering water to remove bacteria and other pathogens affecting human health, including species of Giardia and Cryptosporidium (Cleasby et al 1984, Lange et al 1986, Musial et al 1987, Oram 1987, Schuler & Ghosh 1990, Schuler et al 1991.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficacy of passive sand filtration in reducing exposure of salmonids to the actinospore of Myxobolus cerebralis

Nehring

Thompson²,

Taurman³

et al. 2003

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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The aquatic oligochaete Tubifex tubifex parasitized by Myxobolus cerebralis releases triactinomyxon (TAM) actinospores that can infect some species of salmonids and cause salmonid whirling disease. Silica sand was tested as a filtration medium for removal of TAMs from water containing the parasite. Laboratory tests indicated sand filtration removed > 99.99% of TAMs. In 2 different field tests, groups of 1 mo old rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss were exposed for 2 wk to filtered and unfiltered water from a spring-fed pond enzootic for M. cerebralis. In November 2000, the exposure dose was estimated as between 3 and 5 TAMs fish . Fish were held for 6 mo post exposure (p.e.) in laboratory aquaria for observation and evidence of clinical signs of whirling disease. We used 4 diagnostic techniques to assess the prevalence and severity of infection by M. cerebralis among fish exposed to filtered and unfiltered water. These included polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for genomic DNA of the parasite, histological evaluation for tissue damage, tissue digestion for quantification of cranial myxospores of the parasite, and total non-sampling mortality that occurred over 6 mo p.e. All diagnostic tests verified that the prevalence and severity of infection was significantly reduced among fish in treatment groups exposed to filtered water compared to those exposed to unfiltered water in both the low-dose and high-dose exposures. KEY WORDS: Salmonid whirling disease · Myxobolus cerebralis · Sand filtration Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisherDis Aquat Org 57: [77][78][79][80][81][82][83] 2003 thesized that the large size of the TAM might facilitate its removal from small amounts of flowing water using a silica-sand-based passive filtration system. Indeed, passive sand filtration for removal of various waterborne pathogens has been in use in England, Germany and the eastern United States since the 1800s (Hazen 1913, Bellamy et al. 1985. A passive flow-through mechanical filtration system could be useful for removal of TAMs from the small volumes of water needed to augment water supplies for aquaculture or from effluents of earth-bottom ponds contaminated with the parasite.In 1995, Myxobolus cerebralis infections were detected in Age 1 (16 mo old) wild rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss in the Fryingpan River drainage in central Colorado. By 1998, the abundance of Age 1 rainbow trout had declined 90% from the levels observed in 1994 (Nehring & Thompson 2001). Water filtration studies as described by Thompson & Nehring (2000) were conducted throughout the drainage from August 1998 through August 2002 to identify potential sources of TAMs responsible for the M. cerebralis infections in Age 1 wild rainbow trout in the river. The water filtration studies provided strong empirical evidence that the effluent emanating from a series of private fish ponds was the primary source of TAMs flowing into the Fryingpan River. The pond discharge flowed into the river 15 km upstream of the lower...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficacy of passive sand filtration in reducing exposure of salmonids to the actinospore of Myxobolus cerebralis

Nehring

Thompson²,

Taurman³

et al. 2003

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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“…It was also reported that diatomite could form a dynamic membrane on the big pore mesh used for long-term water treatment [24,25]. The diatomite dynamic membrane could not be compressed easily, and could achieve high flux, good effluent quality and easy backwash.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Characteristics of bio-diatomite dynamic membrane process for municipal wastewater treatment

Chu

Cao²,

Jin

et al. 2008

Journal of Membrane Science

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“…The BDDMR could effectively remove chemical oxygen demand (COD), NH 3 -N and total nitrogen (TN), and exhibited the advantages of effective suspended solids (SS) interception, short precoating time, high filtration flux, and easy backwashing. Since diatomite has long been used as a filtration medium in water plants and much research has been conducted on diatomite in water supply (Langé et al, 1986;Ongerth and Hutton, 2001), the BDDMR may also be applied to drinking water treatment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bio-diatomite dynamic membrane reactor for micro-polluted surface water treatment

Chu

Cao²,

Dong

et al. 2010

Water Research

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Keywords:Bio-diatomite dynamic IntroductionThe dynamic membrane technology for wastewater treatment has gained great attention in recent years due to its cost-effective membrane module, reduced energy consumption and high effluent quality. Therefore, it is considered as a substitute to the conventional membrane bioreactor (MBR) (Kiso et al., 2004;Gander et al., 2000;Chu and Li, 2006). Dynamic membrane is formed on the underlying support mesh when filtering a solution containing fine particles, thus is also called secondary membrane (Kuberkar and Davis, 2000). The dynamic membrane formed on the relatively large-pore mesh increases the intrinsic membrane retention capacity (Alavi Moghaddam et al., 2002a,b), leading to a high solid-liquid separation efficiency and a high filtration flux (Seo et al., 2002(Seo et al., , 2007Fuchs et al., 2005). Dynamic membrane is also more convenient to clean than membrane reactor. Tap water backwash, air backwash or mechanical brushing can readily clean the dynamic membrane without using any chemical reagents (Al-Malack and Anderson, 1997;Fan and Huang, 2002;Ye et al., 2006). It was reported that diatomite particles could be used as carriers for microorganisms (Zhao et al., 2006). The microbial colonies can form zoogloeas on diatomite particles through microbial capsules and surface mucus and bio-diatomite is thus named. The bio-diatomite reactor, which combines * Corresponding author. Tel.: þ86 21 65982691; fax: þ86 21 65982313.E-mail addresses: chq123zl@hotmail.com (H. Chu), dbz77@tongji.edu.cn (B. Dong).A v a i l a b l e a t w w w . s c i e n c e d i r e c t . c o m j o u r n a l h o m e p a g e : w w w . e l s e v i e r . c o m / l o c a t e / w a t r e s w a t e r r e s e a r c h 4 4 ( 2 0 1 0 ) 1 5 7 3 -1 5 7 9

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Diatomaceous Earth Filtration of Giardia Cysts and Other Substances

Cited by 23 publications

References 11 publications

Efficacy of passive sand filtration in reducing exposure of salmonids to the actinospore of Myxobolus cerebralis

Efficacy of passive sand filtration in reducing exposure of salmonids to the actinospore of Myxobolus cerebralis

Characteristics of bio-diatomite dynamic membrane process for municipal wastewater treatment

Bio-diatomite dynamic membrane reactor for micro-polluted surface water treatment

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