Diatoms in Biofilms

Cooksey, Keith E.; Wigglesworth‐Cooksey, Barbara

doi:10.1002/0471263397.env026

Cited by 3 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 93 publications

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“…An entirely different route to 4-bromo-2-nitrobenzaldehyde has been disclosed by Voss and Gerlach ( Figure 1f ) [ 66 ] which entails selective lithiation of 1,4-dibromo-2-nitrobenzene followed by reaction with dimethylformamide to give the product in 92% yield. This is attractive since 1,4-dibromobenzene can be nitrated in nearly quantitative yield under mild conditions using nitric acid in trifluoroacetic anhydride [ 67 ], but the low temperature and complete absence of oxygen required for the lithiation present some problems. An alternative route from 4-bromo-2-nitrotoluene to 4-bromo-2-nitrobenzaldehyde involves benzylic bromination followed by the Kröhnke reaction ( Figure 1g ) [ 68 ].…”

Section: The Synthesis Of 66’-dibromoindigomentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Maya blue [ 80 , 81 , 82 ] is an interesting pigment of antiquity in which indigo molecules are inserted into a clay layer matrix. In this situation interaction between two rings in dibromoindigo molecules is not possible and the colour of the dibromoindigo analogue of Maya blue is blue [ 83 ]. The blue colour of dibromoindigo in the solid state has been observed over the centuries in the colour changes during the generation of the pigment from shellfish.…”

Section: The Properties Of 66’-dibromoindigomentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several bibliographies have been published, notably by Bruin (1966, [ 40 ]), Schweppe (1993, [ 126 ]), Spanier (1982, [ 127 ]) and Cooksey (1993, [ 128 ]). Most writers on the purple give a resumé of past publications and useful summaries are given by Baker (1974, [ 83 ]), Cardon (1990, [ 129 ]), Michel and McGovern (1987, 1990, [ 10 , 11 ]), Clark (1993, [ 130 ]), and for Japanese language readers Fujisi (1999, [ 115 ]). For the Jewish connection, consult Spanier (1987, [ 131 ]).…”

Section: Further Informationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Tyrian Purple: 6,6’-Dibromoindigo and Related Compounds

2001

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Section: The Synthesis Of 66’-dibromoindigomentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Properties Of 66’-dibromoindigomentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Further Informationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Tyrian Purple: 6,6’-Dibromoindigo and Related Compounds

2001

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“…[ 5 , 6 ] Related to this is their involvement in the stabilization of estuarine sediment particles against physical disturbance. There is a large body of literature on the physical stabilization of marine sediments[ 3 , 7 - 18 ] and most investigators agree that it is the activities of the microphytobenthic organisms, most likely those of the diatoms, that play a major role in the prevention of sediment movement by wave action. The diversity of microorganisms in a nearshore environment is very large but we are not certain which organisms are most active in the stabilization process.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cell–cell and cell–surface interactions in an illuminated biofilm: Implications for marine sediment stabilization†

2001

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Most wetted surfaces that are illuminated support a population of phototrophs. The marine sediment is no exception and there the major component of the microphytobenthic population is diatoms. These organisms are credited with stabilizing the sediment against physical disturbance by virtue of the extracellular carbohydrate polymers that they elaborate. However, diatoms synthesize and secrete several carbohydrate polymers and it is not certain which of them is involved in the stabilization process. In order to investigate this, we have constructed small glass bead-filled flow through bioreactors to mimic marine sediments. The flow rate through the bioreactors was found to reflect the physical stability of the bead bed. Thus flow rate was measured as a function of diatom growth and the production of three operationally-defined polymers, i.e., those soluble in the medium, those soluble in 0.5 M NaHCO3 at 90 °C and those not soluble in either solvent (matrix polymer). Growth of the diatoms did not change the hydraulic conductivity of the bioreactors. For Amphora coffeaeformis, neither did the production of medium-soluble nor NaHCO3-soluble polymers. However, matrix polymer accumulation was directly correlated with a reduction in flow (regression coefficient R2 = 0.96) and stabilization against physical disturbance. Results with species of Navicula were not as clear. Both NaHCO3-soluble and matrix polymers were involved in producing the flow reduction. In the same manner we also measured the effect of Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis growth on bead bed hydraulic conductivity and bead bed stability. Growing alone, no effect was found, but in co-culture with a single diatom species, the bacteria reduced the diatom effect on flow through the bioreactors seen earlier, however did not reduce the extent of their growth. Confocal scanning laser microscopy of beads colonized with diatoms alone, or diatoms in co-culture with bacteria, revealed that P. haloplanktis was able to inhibit diatom adhesion to the beads. When the bacteria were present there was less matrix polymer evident. We speculate that this interference with diatom metabolic activity was either the result of less matrix polymer synthesis, or its hydrolysis by the bacteria. The results are applicable to mixed species biofilms of this type on surfaces other than sediments.

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“…The growth of microorganisms on man-made marine structures is the initial phase in their degradation in the sea and is known as microfouling (Cooksey and Cooksey, 1988;Cooksey and Wigglesworth-Cooksey, 2000). Microfouling is a precursor of macrofouling.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antibiotic from the marine environment with antimicrobial fouling activity

Wigglesworth‐Cooksey

Cooksey

Long

2007

Environmental Toxicology

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The degradation in performance of submerged marine structures through their colonization by micro- and macrobiota is well known. Historically, toxic surface coatings have been used to control both types of fouling. Legislative requirements worldwide now require alternative non- or minimally toxic coatings to be used. Here we report on the potential for synthetic 2-pentyl-4-quinolinol (PQ), an antibiotic from an Alteromonas sp., as a candidate antifoulant. Hundred micromolar PQ reduces the growth of four marine diatoms that usually grow as biofilms. Furthermore, PQ inhibits the initial adhesive process in Amphora coffeaeformis in a logarithmic dose-dependent manner, but not the adhesion of a Navicula sp., indicating differing adhesive processes in these two diatoms. Treatment of established biofilms with PQ causes a rapid and complete loss of motility in both Amphora and Navicula and eventually, as seen by Sytox Green staining, cell death, and lysis. We conclude that PQ, or one of its chemical analogues, holds promise as an antifoulant molecule for inclusion in marine surface coating.

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Diatoms in Biofilms

Abstract: Some Diatom Microbiology

Cited by 3 publications

References 93 publications

Tyrian Purple: 6,6’-Dibromoindigo and Related Compounds

Tyrian Purple: 6,6’-Dibromoindigo and Related Compounds

Cell–cell and cell–surface interactions in an illuminated biofilm: Implications for marine sediment stabilization†

Antibiotic from the marine environment with antimicrobial fouling activity

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