Diazonium derivatives of cellulose as initiators of graft polymerization

Richards, Geoffrey N.

doi:10.1002/app.1961.070051709

Cited by 22 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…In addition to peroxides, diazonium salts have also been introduced into the cellulose molecule as an initiating group. 94 This method involves the introduction of an aromatic amine onto the cellulose backbone, followed by its conversion to its corresponding diazonium salt. Upon heating, the diazonium salt decomposes to produce free radicals, leading to graft copolymerisation, when a suitable monomer is present.…”

Section: Direct Radical Formation On the Cellulose Backbone Via Chemi...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Cellulose modification by polymer grafting: a review

et al. 2009

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This critical review is concerned with the recent advances in graft polymerisation techniques involving cellulose and its derivatives. It summarises some of the features of cellulose structure and cellulose reactivity. Also described are the various techniques for grafting synthetic polymers from the cellulosic substrate. In addition to the traditional grafting techniques, we highlight the recent developments in polymer synthesis that allow increased control over the grafting process and permit the production of functional celluloses that possess improved physical properties and chemical properties (189 references).

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Section: Direct Radical Formation On the Cellulose Backbone Via Chemi...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Cellulose modification by polymer grafting: a review

et al. 2009

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“…Cellulose fibers have been graft copolymerized using various techniques in the past. − Most of them are based on a “grafting-from” process, where radicals are formed along the polymer backbone either by various chemical initiators or by irradiation, followed by a free radical polymerization of vinyl monomers. In these methods, chain scission can occur and does not necessarily render the cellulose backbone intact .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

ATRP Grafting from Cellulose Fibers to Create Block-Copolymer Grafts

2003

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Cellulose fibers, in the form of a conventional filter paper, have been modified by reacting the hydroxyl groups on the fiber surface with 2-bromoisobutyryl bromide, followed by grafting using ATRP conditions. The papers were first grafted with methyl acrylate (MA), rendering the paper very hydrophobic as reported in an earlier work. The papers were analyzed by gravimetry, FT-IR, ESCA, and AFM. To verify that the polymerization from the surface was "living", a second layer of another, hydrophilic, polymer, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), was grafted upon the PMA layer, creating a block-copolymer graft from the fibers. After the layer of PHEMA had been attached, contact angle measurements were no longer possible, because of the absorbing nature of PHEMA-grafted layer. This indicates that a copolymer had indeed been formed on the surface. FT-IR showed a large increase in carbonyl content after the PHEMA-grafting, which further proves that a layer of PHEMA was attached to the PMA layer. This goes to show that the hydrophilic/hydrophobic behavior of a cellulose surface can be tailored by the use of "living"/controlled radical polymerization methods such as ATRP.

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“…Mino and Kaizermann (144) found that ceric ion redox systems gave high yields of copolymer, because the free-radical sites were generated mainly on the trunk polymer. Richards described, in 1961, several interesting approaches to grafting, using the ceric ion (145) and also diazonium cellulose derivatives (146) as initiators. He was able to graft acrylonitrile onto cellulose in this way.…”

Section: Resin-bonded Cellulose Separatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The graft copolymerization of monomers onto cellulose has been pursued most actively using methyl methacrylates and related monomers (126,148,150,151,(153)(154)(155). Styrene has been studied (146,156), as has vinylpyridine (157) and methylvinylpyridine (158).…”

Section: Resin-bonded Cellulose Separatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Resin‐Bonded Cellulose Separators: An Overview with Prognoses

Dafler¹

1978

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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Resin-bonded cellulose separators are very widely used in the starting, lighting, and ignition battery industry. Since their appearance and maturity, they have undergone systematic improvements, but their basic shortcomings have remained. Separator development is reviewed here, and the pertinent structure and chemistry of the cellulose substrate is discussed. The current literature, which indicates that improvements in substrate character and acid resistance can be made, isalso reviewed.In 1917, almost the beginning of the modern starting, lighting, and ignition battery industry, Brooks pointed out the lead-accumulator was unexcelled in portable service applications (1). Separators at that time were wood veneer and were superior to anything in use despite the stringent requirements of their manufacture. At that time, only treated wood possessed good wicking action and reasonable conductivity and held active material in place against vibration and the eroding action of hydrogen generated on overcharge. Other materials had been tried, but until the microporous hard rubber separator appeared, wood veneers and combinations of wood and other materials dominated separator practice. Eyanson developed an unglazed porcelain membrane with incorporated lead spacers (2), but this product undoubtedly gave a cell of high internal resistance. Sperry developed a perforated, corrugated, hard rubber sheet that was really a simple, open spacer (3). ~he earliest hard rubber separators, used as adjuncts to wood, were approximately 30% porous. Batteries in which they were used were poor for cranking purposes (4).Hardy and Hungerbuhler (5) experimented with artificial stone for making separator membranes. They compressed and then baked silicates, feldspars, bone, and lime to form refractory porous sheets. Rodman (6, 7) experimented with techniques to make porous glass separators, developing membranes of sand or fine glass powder flitted together.In 1910, Flanders described an untreated wood veneer separator using a well-defined rib structure (8), and after this a number of wood/hard rubber combinations were developed. Carpenter (9) coa'~ed thin wood sheets with' vulcanized rubber, and Chamberlain described a process to produce wood veneers machined so that the ribs were integral to the separator structure (10). Gould's patent, describing the use of hard rubber and wood laminated together, appeared in 1916 (11).Many battery researchers applied themselves to the separator problem between Brooks's time and the period during which the resin-bonded paper separator appeared, then matured. One of the more interesting * Electrochemical Society Active Member, 1 Present address: Institute of Gas Technology, Chicago, Illinois 60616.inventions was Bliss's (12) ingenious attempt to make a porous phenol-formaldehyde sheet. He mixed asbestos and zinc with resin, polymerized it, and removed the zinc with acid. A number of other inventions included a separator of chopped bird feathers and sodium sulfite (13), bitumen-impregnated felts (14), roofing fel...

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Diazonium derivatives of cellulose as initiators of graft polymerization

Cited by 22 publications

References 1 publication

Cellulose modification by polymer grafting: a review

Cellulose modification by polymer grafting: a review

ATRP Grafting from Cellulose Fibers to Create Block-Copolymer Grafts

Resin‐Bonded Cellulose Separators: An Overview with Prognoses

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