Dickkopf‑1/cysteine‑rich angiogenic inducer 61 axis mediates palmitic acid‑induced inflammation and apoptosis of vascular endothelial cells

Abstract

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a major cause of mortality around the world, and the presence of atherosclerosis is the most common characteristic in patients with CVDs. Cysteine-rich angiogenic inducer 61 (CCN1) has been reported to serve an important role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerotic lesions. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether CCN1 could regulate the inflammation and apoptosis of endothelial cells induced by palmitic acid (PA). Dickkopf-1 (DKK1) is an important antagonist of the Wnt signaling pathway, which can specifically inhibit the classic Wnt signaling pathway. Firstly, the mRNA and protein expression levels of CCN1 were detected. Additionally, endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthase (eNOS), DKK1, β-catenin, and inflammation- and apoptosis-associated proteins were measured. Detection of NO was performed using a commercial kit. The expression levels of inflammatory cytokines were assessed to explore the effect of CCN1 on PA-induced inflammation. TUNEL assay was used to detect the apoptosis of endothelial cells. The results revealed that PA upregulated the expression levels of CCN1, inflammatory cytokines and pro-apoptotic proteins in endothelial cells. PA decreased the production of NO, and the levels of phosphorylated-eNOS, whereas knockdown of CCN1 partially abrogated these effects triggered by PA. Furthermore, the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway was activated in PA-induced endothelial cells; however, the levels of DKK1 were downregulated. Overexpression of DKK1 could reduce CCN1 expression via inactivation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. In conclusion, knockdown of CCN1 attenuated PA-induced inflammation and apoptosis of endothelial cells via inactivating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.

Inflammation and atherosclerosis: signaling pathways and therapeutic intervention

“…Knockdown of cysteine-rich angiogenesis inducer (CCN1) could reduce the induction of EC inflammation and apoptosis by PA through inactivation of Wnt/β-catenin. 272 Low stress activates Wnt/β-catenin and promotes endothelial mesenchymal transition (EndMT). 273 …”

Recent advances of mechanosensitive genes in vascular endothelial cells for the formation and treatment of atherosclerosis

“…Gan et al found that the inhibition of Wnt/β-catenin signaling also reduced CCN1 expression, which led to endothelial cell inflammation and apoptosis. 28 Moreover, CCN1 promotes lipid accumulation and foam cell formation by impairing ATP-binding cassette transporters A1 and G1 (ABCA1/G1) mediated cholesterol efflux in macrophages. 29 In endothelial cells, CCN1 regulates cholesterol metabolism to allow ox-LDL to enter the stroma.…”