“…The general use of SNSs is not related to social capital, civic participation, or online and offline political participation, although the informational use and online network size are positively related to political participation, online and offline (Gil de Zjuiga, Jung, & Valenzuela, 2012). Kushin and Yamamoto (2010) found that even information seeking in social media is not related to situational political involvement or self-efficacy; only online expression is significantly related to situational political involvement. Another study found that reliance on SNSs such as Facebook and MySpace is positively related to civic participation but not to political participation or confidence in government (Zhang, Johnson, Seltzer, & Bichard, 2010).…”