Did state‐mandated restrictions on sugar‐sweetened drinks in California high schools increase soda purchases in school neighborhoods?

Kiesel, Kristin; Ji, Mengxin

doi:10.1002/aepp.13137

Cited by 5 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…Yet the obesity effects of school nutrition policies can be disappointing as well. For example, school soda bans have had little impact on obesity, 39 perhaps because students and families found other places, outside of school, to purchase sugar‐sweetened beverages 40 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, school soda bans have had little impact on obesity, 39 perhaps because students and families found other places, outside of school, to purchase sugar-sweetened beverages. 40 Both PA and dietary interventions may have little effect if they are implemented only at school. Even on school days, children get only onefifth of their daily calories from the school cafeteria, 41 and children gain weight faster when school is out than when schools is in.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Have States Reduced Obesity by Legislating More Physical Activity in Elementary School?

Hippel¹,

Frisvold

2023

Milbank Quarterly

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Between 1998 and 2016, 24 states and the District of Columbia passed laws meant to increase the time that children spent in physical education (PE) or other school‐based physical activity (PA). Schools largely disregarded changes to PE/PA laws, which did not increase the time that children spent in PE or recess and did not reduce body mass index, overweight, or obesity. Closer oversight of schools would be needed to improve compliance with state PE and PA laws. Yet, even with better compliance, we estimate that PE and PA policies would be inadequate to reverse the obesity epidemic. Policies should also address consumption, both inside and outside of school. Context To control childhood obesity, leading medical organizations have recommended increasing the time that children spend in physical education (PE) and other school‐based physical activity (PA). Yet, it is unknown how many states have passed laws that codify these recommendations, and it is unknown what effect changing state laws has had on obesity or the time that children actually spent in PE and PA. Methods We joined state laws to national samples of 13,920 children from two different cohorts of elementary students. One cohort attended kindergarten in 1998; the other attended kindergarten in 2010; both cohorts were followed from kindergarten through fifth grade. We estimated the effects of changes to state laws in a regression with state and year fixed effects. Findings Twenty‐four states and the District of Columbia increased the time that children were recommended or required to spend in PE or PA. These changes in state policies did not increase actual time spent in PE or recess, did not affect average body mass index (BMI) or BMI Z score, and did not affect the prevalence of overweight or obesity. Conclusion Increasing the PE or PA time required or recommended by state laws has not slowed the obesity epidemic. Many schools have failed to comply with state laws. A back‐of‐the‐envelope calculation suggests that, even with better compliance, the legislated changes in PE laws might not have changed energy balance enough to reduce obesity prevalence.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Have States Reduced Obesity by Legislating More Physical Activity in Elementary School?

Hippel¹,

Frisvold

2023

Milbank Quarterly

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“…Due to an asymmetrical scenario of regulations, São Paulo has no municipal schools with commercial cafeterias, whereas about 80% of state schools and 100% of private ones do 26 . Assuming that students have a demand for food that the PNAE fails to provide free of charge, we hypothesized that the absence of commercial cafeterias would boost food sales around municipal schools, as suggested by a study conducted in California (United States) 27 . Moreover, we observed concentrations of candy stores and mini markets with a varied supply of ultra-processed foods in the vicinity of municipal schools 19 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Food environment near schools in the largest Brazilian metropolis: analyses and contributions based on census data

Leite,

Barata,

Levy

2023

Cad. Saúde Pública

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We aimed to investigate and compare the distribution of establishments that sell food near municipal, state, and private schools in the municipality of São Paulo, Brazil. This cross-sectional, exploratory, and census study was conducted in 3,121 schools. Circular buffers were traced around schools and concentrations or dispersions of food stores (in absolute numbers and densities) were analyzed. A p-trend was calculated to analyze how food stores density behaved as the buffer radius distance increased. Stratified regression models were built to analyze the characteristics of the food environment. Snack bars and street vendors are the most common types of establishments surrounding schools. Some categories of food stores are concentrated (such as candy stores around municipal and private schools, mini markets around municipal schools, and snack bars around private schools), whereas others (such as super and hypermarkets and fruit and vegetable stores) are dispersed around public schools. The food environment around schools shows differences regarding the instance that administers them and private schools have more food stores around them. Poor-quality food environment around schools exposes students to risk factors regarding excessive unhealthy food consumption.

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“…Consumers are asked to choose from a continuously increasing product assortment offered via a multitude of food service and retail channels. For example, a single grocery store will carry more than 400 different products in the soda and bottled water category alone in any given week (Kiesel & Ji 2021). Consumers' use of heuristics introduces systematic mistakes that accumulate and result in suboptimal behavior over time (Tversky & Kahneman 1974).…”

Section: Externalities and Internalities Of Sugar-sweetened Beverage ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

A New Wave of Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Taxes: Are They Meeting Policy Goals and Can We Do Better?

Kiesel

Lang

Sexton

2023

Annu. Rev. Resour. Econ.

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Little progress has been made in reducing deaths from chronic noncommunicable diseases associated with being overweight or obese worldwide, prompting the World Health Organization and others to recommend the implementation of taxes on sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs). In response, SSB taxes have been widely implemented over the last decade, and a burgeoning literature aims at understanding their effects. We assess the state of knowledge regarding the impacts of SSB taxes and provide context for the results reported to date based on the recent consumer behavior literature and incentives of supply-chain intermediaries in modern food markets. Evidence suggests only a portion of a tax on distributors or manufacturers is passed forward to consumers, inducing only mild and highly variable impacts on SSB purchases. We argue that the literature provides no consistent evidence that SSB taxes have incentivized increased purchases of healthier beverages and caused overall SSB consumption to decrease. Finally, we consider the efficacy of SSB taxes, alone or in combination with other policies, as part of jurisdictions’ policy goals, including promoting healthier diets, generating revenue, and improving equity. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Resource Economics, Volume 15 is October 2023. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

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Did state‐mandated restrictions on sugar‐sweetened drinks in California high schools increase soda purchases in school neighborhoods?

Cited by 5 publications

References 59 publications

Have States Reduced Obesity by Legislating More Physical Activity in Elementary School?

Have States Reduced Obesity by Legislating More Physical Activity in Elementary School?

Food environment near schools in the largest Brazilian metropolis: analyses and contributions based on census data

A New Wave of Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Taxes: Are They Meeting Policy Goals and Can We Do Better?

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